Medical student of Pakistan

01/09/2022

05/01/2022

🔈WHEN CHEST X-RAYS COME ALIVE
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This is a Chest X-Ray fused with images from a coronal CT demonstrating anatomy of the heart, great vessels and ribs ⁣
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📝TAKE NOTE OF...⁣

📝The left and brachiocephalic veins feed into the superior vena cava which runs into the right atrium - see the inferior cava heading from the right atrium into the liver ⁣
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📝The three branches of the aortic arch can be seen - the brachiocephalic trunk (which divides into the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery), left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery. Variations in anatomy occur at the aortic arch for example a ‘bovine arch’ where the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery share a common origin.⁣
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📝The pulmonary trunk arises from the right ventricle and divides into the right and left main pulmonary arteries. The right pulmonary artery divides into the truncus anterior which supplies the right upper lobe and the interlobar artery which supplies the right middle lobe and lower lobe. The left main pulmonary artery is smaller and divides into the upper lobe branch and the interlobar artery which supplies the lingula and left lower lobe.⁣
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📝Note the shape of the left atrial appendage which helps shape the left sided cardiomediastinal contour along with the left ventricle, pulmonary trunk and aortic arch. The AP window is an important review area between the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk and should have a concave appearance - if this is lost consider a lymph node or mass.⁣
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📝The left atrium is seen posteriorly but the pulmonary veins which arise from this and lead to the hilum are not depicted here. Also not seen is the right ventricle which is the most anterior of all heart chambers⁣.

26/12/2021

26/12/2021

Lumbar Ostrophytes, (Bone Spurs)

Lumbar osteophytes, or bone spurs, are growths that form on the joints in the lower back as a result of degenerative changes to the spine.

As disc material or cartilage in between the bones of the spine breaks down, extra movement occurs in the joints of the spine. In order to compensate for this extra movement, the body forms bone spurs on the surfaces of the joints.

Degeneration of the spine occurs as a result of normal aging processes, but can be accelerated by poor posture, traumatic injury, or poor nutrition. Degenerative diseases such as spinal osteoarthritis and spinal stenosis may also cause bone spurs to form.

Bone spurs are actually smooth growths that do not always cause pain, but in severe cases, they can compress nerves in the lower back and cause neurological symptoms. Bone spurs are likely to cause pain when they form in the foramen, the small hole through which nerve roots exit the spine.

When a bone spur is impinging on a nerve in the lumbar spine, it can cause symptoms of radiating pain, weakness, tingling, or numbness in the legs and feet. Other symptoms of bone spurs include stiffness and lack of movement in the back, and pain that worsens with activity and improves with rest. Bone spurs have similar symptoms to other conditions, so it is important to get an accurate diagnosis from a medical professional.

25/12/2021

🌿Ankylosing Spondylitis 🌿

Pain areas: in the ankle, eyes, heel, hip, joints, lower back, middle back, neck, or shoulder
Pain types: can be arthritic
Pain circumstances: can occur during rest
Joints: back joint dysfunction or stiffness
Eyes: inflammation of the eye's middle layer or redness
Visual: blurred vision or sensitivity to light
Also common: bone tissue formation, fatigue, hunched back, inflamed tendons, inflammatory bowel disease, physical deformity, or sleep disorder

What is ankylosing spondylitis ?
Ankylosing spondylitis (pronounced ankle-oh-sing spon-dill-eye-tiss) is a form of arthritis that causes chronic (long-term) spine inflammation. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) inflames the sacroiliac joints located between the base of the spine and pelvis. This inflammation, called sacroiliitis, is one of the first signs of AS. Inflammation often spreads to joints between the vertebrae, the bones that make up the spinal column. This condition is known as spondylitis.

Some people with AS experience severe, persistent back and hip pain and stiffness. Others have milder symptoms that come and go. Over time, new bone formations may fuse vertebrae sections together, making the spine rigid. This condition is called ankylosis.

affects more men than women. Symptoms usually appear in people between the ages of 17 and 45.

Lower back pain and stiffness.
Hip pain.
Joint pain.
Neck pain.
Difficulty breathing.
Fatigue.
Loss of appetite and unexplained weight loss.
Abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Skin rash.
Vision problems.

How is ankylosing spondylitis diagnosed?
There isn’t a test that definitively diagnoses ankylosing spondylitis. After reviewing your symptoms and family history, your healthcare provider will perform a physical exam. Your provider may order one or more of these tests to help guide diagnosis:

Imaging scans: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can detect spine problems earlier than traditional X-rays. Still, your provider may order spine X-rays to check for arthritis or rule out other problems.
Blood tests: Blood tests can check for the presence of the HLA-B27 gene. About 8% of people of European descent have this gene, but only a quarter of them develop ankylosing spondylitis.

Physical exercise
Aerobic activity for 20–30 minutes 5 days a week improves cardiovascular health. If injured, pursuing an activity that avoids the injured muscle group or joint can help maintain physical function while recovering.

Stretching
Stretching exercises can improve flexibility and improve physical function.
Physical Therapy
Restores muscle strength and function through exercise.

The main types of NSAIDs include:
Allopathic Medicine

ibuprofen.
naproxen.
diclofenac.
celecoxib.
mefenamic acid.
etoricoxib.
indomethacin.
high-dose aspirin (low-dose aspirin is not normally considered to be an NSAID)

25/12/2021

✅Frozen Shoulder ❤️❤️

Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, is painful condition in which movement of shoulder becomes limited strong connective tissue surrounding shoulder joint become thick, stiff, and inflamed.

The condition is called "frozen" shoulder because more pain that is felt, the less likely shoulder will be used. Lack of use causes shoulder capsule to thicken and becomes tight, making shoulder even more difficult to move -- it is "frozen" in position.

✅ What are the signs and symptoms of frozen shoulder?

1)The "freezing" stage:❤️
•In this stage, shoulder becomes stiff and painful to move.
•The pain slowly increases. It worsen at night.
•Inability to move shoulder.
•This stage lasts 6 weeks to 9 months.

2)The "frozen" stage:❤️
•In this stage, pain may lessen, but the shoulder remains stiff.
•This makes it more difficult to complete daily tasks and activities.
•This stage lasts 2 to 6 months.

3)The "thawing" (recovery) stage:❤️
•In this stage, pain lessens, and ability to move the shoulder slowly improves.
•Full or near full recovery occurs as normal strength and motion return.
•The stage lasts 6 months to 2 years.

✅ How is frozen shoulder diagnosed?🩺
By Conduct physical exam of arms and shoulders:
The doctor will move shoulder in directions to check if there is pain with movement.

✅What are the treatments for frozen shoulder? ❤️❤️

If the problem persists, therapy and surgery may be needed to regain motion if doesn’t return on its own then
-Hot and cold compresses. These help reduce pain and swelling.
-Physical therapy. Stretching and range of motion exercises

25/12/2021

🔥Saturday Syndrome 🔥
-Medial epicondylopathy or ‘golfer’s elbow’ is mostly a tendinous overload injury leading to tendinopathy. Flexor-pronator tendon degeneration occurs with repetitive forced wrist extension and forearm supination activities. 🤔

Most frequently the injury occurs in the musculotendinous origin of the flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres. But large diffuse tears can also occur in the palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor carpi ulnaris. 😮

The patient usually complains about pain of the elbow distal to the medial epicondyle of the humerus with radiation up and down the arm, most common on the ulnar side of the forearm, the wrist and occasionally in the fingers 😫

The main goal of the conservative treatment is to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. These two things will help to achieve a proper rehabilitation and later, a return to usual activities. This can be achieved with a graded exercise program and physiotherapy.

25/12/2021

✅GOLFER'S ELBOW

This is also known as the medial epicondylitis.
It is the inflammation of the tendon of the common wrist flexors of the forearm located at the mediolateral part of your elbow.

Like the lateral epicondylitis, repetitive wrist movement and jobs which involve the forearm muscles a lot all could lead to medial epicondylitis.

It is therefore not associated with athletics alone. Involving in activities which stress the wrist flexors can cause the tendon to be irritated leading to Golfer's Elbow.

With physiotherapy, you can return to your daily activities, but mostly braces, rest and modalities remain the secret treatment protocols utilize by physiotherapy to help restore the limb function after the strain.

✅SPECIAL TEST: Valgus stress test can be used to diagnose the medial epicondylitis. Find how this test is performed from this page.

20/10/2021

All Medical Books here in pdf form

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12X7OMgwsRHYf6dcEHvbEVXmriAy6klw4

This link contains the following books:

MCQs Book
• KLM Anatomy MCQs
• MCQs in Biochemistry (G. Vidya Sagar)
• Physiology MCQs Guyton & Hall Physiology Review
• Pre-test Medicine
• Pre-test Surgery
• Lippincott’s Q/A Robin’s Pathology (2nd edition)
• Patho MCQs Book
• Pretest Community Medicine
• Park MCQs (Community Medicine)
• Review questions in Ophthalmology
• MCQs Dhingra (ENT)
• Pretest Obstetrics & Gynecology

Anatomy
• Atlases:
o Grant’s Atlas of anatomy
o McMinn’s & Abraham’s Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy
o Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy (6th edition)
o Netter’s anatomy Flash Cards (3rd edition)
• Embryology
o KLM (8th edition)
o Langman Embryology (11th edition)
o Lippincott’s Q/A Review of Anatomy & Embryology (1st edition)
• Gross Anatomy
o BD Chaurasia Head & Neck, Brain
o BD Chaurasia Upper Limb and Thorax
o BD Lower Limb & Abdomen
o Richard & Snell Clinical Anatomy (Review)
o Snell’s Clinical Anatomy
o BRS Gross Anatomy
o Gray’s Anatomy
o High-Yield Gross Anatomy
o KLM Clinical Anatomy
o Last’s Anatomy
• Histology
o Junqueira’s Basic Histology
o Difiore’s atlas of histology
o Wheather’s Functional Histology
• Neuroanatomy
o Snell’s Neuroanatomy
o High Yield Neuroanatomy

Biochemistry
• BRS Biochemistry
• Clinical Biochemistry (2nd edition)
• Chatterjee (8th edition)
• Harper’s illustrated Biochemistry (26th edition)
• Lippincott’s illustrated Reviews
• Mark’s Basic Medical Biochemistry
• Satyanarayana

Community Medicine
• Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine (4th Ed) Mahajan & Gupta
• Pretest Community Medicine
• High Yield biostatistics & Public health
• Park MCQs

Clinical Ward Books
• Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties
• Oxford handbook of Emergency Medicine
• Essentials of Diagnosis & Treatment
• History & Physical Examination
• Home Emergency Guide
• Hutchison’s clinical medicine
• Macleod’s clinical examination

ENT
• Color atlas of ENT Diagnosis
• Diseases of Ear, Nose & Throat
• MCQs Dhingra

Forensic Medicine
• Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (5th edition)
• Color Atlas of forensic medicine
• Parikh toxicology

Gynae & Obstetrics
• Pretest Obstetrics & Gynecology
• Gynecology by ten teachers
• Obstetrics by ten teachers
• Case discussion in obstetrics and gynecology

Medicine
• Davidson’s essentials of Medicine (22nd edition)
• Davidson’s Principles & Practice of Medicine (21st edition)

Microbiology
• Levinson Microbiology & Immunology (13th edition)
• Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews of Microbiology (3rd edition)
• Microbiology Principles and Explorations (8th edition)

MRCS
• Basic sciences for MRCS (2nd edition)

Ophthalmology:
• Review questions in Ophthalmology
• Basic Ophthalmology by R Jogi

Pathology:
• BRS pathology
• Pocket Robins
• Robins pathology

Pharmacology
• BRS Pharmacology (5th edition)
• Katzung Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (12th edition)
• Lippincott’s Pharmacology (4th edition)
• Mini Katzung (5th edition)

Physiology
• BRS Physiology
• Essentials of Medical Physiology (6th edition)
• Ganong’s review of Medical Physiology (23rd edition)
• Guyton Medical Physiology (13th edition)
• Mnemonics
• Netter’s atlas of Human physiology
• Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Medical Physiology (12th edition)
• Saladin (3rd edition)
• Sheer wood Human Physiology (7th edition)

Surgery
• Bailey and Love’s short practice of Surgery (25th edition)
• Pretest Surgery

USMLE
• USMLE Step 1 Anatomy Notes (Kaplan Medical)
• USMLE Road Map Gross Anatomy
• USMLE Step 1 Kaplan Anatomy
• First Aid Cases for USMLE (Step 1)
• First Aid Cases for USMLE (Step 2)