13/10/2024
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti. It is common in tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is caused by the dengue virus, which has four different strains (serotypes). A person can be infected with one strain and still be vulnerable to others.
The diagnosis of dengue is typically based on a combination of clinical symptoms and laboratory tests. Here's how it is usually done:
1. Clinical Evaluation
Doctors assess the symptoms, such as:
Sudden high fever
Severe headache
Pain behind the eyes
Muscle and joint pain
Rash
Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain
These symptoms, combined with recent travel to or residence in areas where dengue is prevalent, raise suspicion of dengue.
2. Laboratory Tests
To confirm the diagnosis, several tests can be done:
a. NS1 Antigen Test
Detects the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of the dengue virus in the blood.
Effective in the early stages of the infection (first 5 days of fever).
b. PCR Test (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Detects the presence of the virus’s genetic material (RNA).
Useful in the early phase (first 5 days).
c. Dengue IgM and IgG Antibody Tests
Detect antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the infection.
IgM antibodies indicate a recent infection (appears 4-5 days after symptoms).
IgG antibodies indicate a past infection or secondary infection.
d. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Platelet count is closely monitored, as it tends to drop in dengue.
Low white blood cell count (leukopenia) and low platelets (thrombocytopenia) can indicate dengue.
3. Other Diagnostic Tools
In severe cases, doctors may check for signs of plasma leakage, liver damage, or shock, particularly if dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS) is suspected.
When to Seek Medical Attention
If there are warning signs like severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, bleeding gums, or rapid breathing, it's crucial to seek immediate medical care, as these symptoms may indicate severe dengue.
Common symptoms of dengue include:
High fever
Severe headache
Pain behind the eyes
Joint and muscle pain (often called "breakbone fever")
Rash
Nausea and vomiting
Fatigue
In severe cases, dengue can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS), both of which are life-threatening.
There is no specific treatment for dengue, but managing symptoms and staying hydrated is crucial. Prevention focuses on mosquito control, such as eliminating standing water and using insect repellents.
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