Dr Mubashir, Hematologist

Dr Mubashir, Hematologist Low platelets, ITP, Aplastic Anemias, leukemias, thrombophilia, Thalassemias, bone marrow biopsy, cy
(4)

Five Bold Predictions for in 20241: We'll gain a better of each long COVID phenotype2: antibodies may change the g...
28/01/2024

Five Bold Predictions for in 2024
1: We'll gain a better of each long COVID phenotype
2: antibodies may change the game
3: could prove effective for long COVID. The medication is made up of two drugs packaged together. The first, , works by blocking a key enzyme required for virus replication. The second, , is an antiviral that's been used in patients with HIV and helps boost levels of antivirals in the body.
4: like could prove useful. It reduced a patient's risk for long COVID up to 40% when the drug was taken during the acute stage.
5: levels — and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ) — may be keys to unlocking long COVID. Serotonin is found lower circulating serotonin levels in patents with long COVID than in those who did not have the condition. The study also found that the SSRI improved cognitive function in rat models infected with the virus.

22/01/2024

The typically spans weeks 13 to 27 of pregnancy. During this time, many women experience increased energy, reduced nausea, and may feel the baby's first movements. It's a crucial period for fetal development, and routine prenatal check-ups become more frequent.
During the second trimester of pregnancy, organ development in the fetus is a key focus. Major organs formed in the first trimester continue to mature, and new developments occur. For example, the baby's bones harden, the digestive and respiratory systems progress, and the nervous system undergoes significant growth. This period is crucial for the overall health and viability of the developing fetus.
While many pregnancies progress smoothly, complications can arise. Some common second-trimester complications include gestational , , and placenta . It's essential for pregnant individuals to attend regular prenatal check-ups to monitor for potential issues. If you're experiencing symptoms like severe abdominal pain, bleeding, or significant changes, it's crucial to seek medical attention promptly. Early detection and management often contribute to better outcomes.
During the second trimester of pregnancy, some radiological studies can be performed if necessary, but caution is generally exercised to minimize fetal exposure to radiation. Ultrasound is a commonly used imaging modality during this period for assessing fetal development and identifying potential issues. X-rays, CT scans, and nuclear medicine tests are generally avoided unless absolutely necessary, as they involve ionizing radiation, which could pose risks to the developing fetus.
Prenatal diagnosis involves various tests to assess the health of the fetus during pregnancy. Common methods during the second trimester include:
1. Ultrasound: Provides detailed images of the fetus and helps identify any structural abnormalities. An anomaly scan, also known as a mid-pregnancy ultrasound or level II ultrasound, is typically performed during the second trimester, around 18-22 weeks of pregnancy. This detailed ultrasound aims to assess the baby's anatomy and development, looking for any structural abnormalities or anomalies. It checks various organs, the fetal heart, limbs, spine, and other structures.
2. Multiple Marker Screening: Measures specific substances in the mother's blood to assess the risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities.
3. Amniocentesis: Involves taking a sample of amniotic fluid for genetic testing, detecting chromosomal abnormalities or genetic conditions.
4. Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): A procedure that samples tissue from the placenta to test for genetic conditions such as down's syndrome, thalassemia or other common congenital disorders.

During the first trimester of pregnancy, which lasts from week 1 to week 12, crucial developments occur. The fertilized ...
12/01/2024

During the first trimester of pregnancy, which lasts from week 1 to week 12, crucial developments occur. The fertilized egg implants in the uterus, forming an embryo, and major organs and systems begin to form. Morning sickness, increased urination, and fatigue are common symptoms. Regular prenatal care is essential during this time. If you have specific questions or concerns, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional.
In the first trimester of pregnancy, organ formation is a critical process. During the embryonic period (weeks 3-8), the neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord. The heart begins to beat, and major organs like the liver, kidneys, and lungs start forming. By the end of the first trimester, most organs are present, though they continue to mature throughout the pregnancy. This period is particularly sensitive, and exposure to certain substances can impact organ development, underlining the importance of early prenatal care.
Teratogens are substances that can cause birth defects when a developing fetus is exposed to them. During the first trimester of pregnancy, the embryo is especially vulnerable to teratogens as major organ development occurs. Common teratogens include certain medications, alcohol, illicit drugs, and certain infections. It's crucial for expectant mothers to discuss their medications and lifestyle choices with healthcare professionals to minimize risks and ensure a healthy pregnancy.
The first trimester of pregnancy can be associated with various complications. Some common issues include:

1. **Miscarriage:** Unfortunately, miscarriages are more common in the first trimester. Most occur due to chromosomal abnormalities.

2. **Morning Sickness:** Nausea and vomiting, commonly known as morning sickness, can be challenging for some women during the first trimester.

3. **Ectopic Pregnancy:** When the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube, it can lead to an ectopic pregnancy, which poses serious risks.

4. **Bleeding:** Light spotting can be normal, but heavy bleeding may indicate a problem, such as a threatened miscarriage or other complications.

5. **Infections:** Certain infections, if contracted during pregnancy, can pose risks to the developing fetus.

6. **Hyperemesis Gravidarum:** Severe nausea and vomiting, beyond typical morning sickness, can lead to dehydration and weight loss.

It's crucial for pregnant individuals to receive regular prenatal care, promptly report any unusual symptoms to healthcare providers, and maintain a healthy lifestyle to minimize risks.
During the first trimester of pregnancy, healthcare providers often recommend prenatal supplements to ensure the mother and developing fetus receive essential nutrients. Common supplements include:

1. **Folic Acid:** Vital for neural tube development, it helps prevent birth defects. Most prenatal vitamins contain the recommended amount.

2. **Iron:** Supports increased blood volume and helps prevent anemia.

3. **Calcium:** Essential for fetal bone development and maintaining the mother's bone health.

4. **Vitamin D:** Aids in calcium absorption and supports bone development.

5. **DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid):** An omega-3 fatty acid important for brain and eye development.

Always consult with a healthcare professional before taking any supplements during pregnancy to ensure they are appropriate for your individual needs and circumstances.
During the first trimester, ultrasound examinations provide important information about the developing fetus. Some key findings include:

1. **Confirmation of Pregnancy:** Ultrasound can confirm the presence of a gestational sac, indicating a viable pregnancy.

2. **Fetal Heartbeat:** Typically, the fetal heartbeat becomes visible around 6 weeks gestation, confirming the viability of the pregnancy.

3. **Crown-Rump Length (CRL):** Measurement of the length from the top of the head (crown) to the bottom of the buttocks (rump) helps estimate gestational age.

4. **Number of Fetuses:** Ultrasound can determine whether there is a single fetus or multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.).

5. **Nuchal Translucency:** A measurement of the fluid at the back of the fetal neck, often done around 11-14 weeks, helps assess the risk of chromosomal abnormalities.

6. **Initial Assessment of Organs:** While major organ development is ongoing, some structures can be visualized during the first trimester ultrasound.

These findings contribute to assessing the health and progress of the pregnancy and can help identify potential issues early on.
Prenatal diagnosis involves various medical tests to assess the health and development of the fetus during pregnancy. Some common methods in the first trimester include:

1. **Ultrasound:** As mentioned earlier, it provides crucial information about the fetus's growth, anatomy, and overall health.

2. **Maternal Blood Tests:** These tests may include screenings for chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome) and other genetic conditions. The first-trimester screening often combines blood tests with ultrasound findings.

3. **Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS):** Typically performed between 10-13 weeks, CVS involves taking a sample of placental tissue for genetic testing.

4. **Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT):** This blood test, usually done after 10 weeks, screens for chromosomal abnormalities by analyzing fetal DNA in the mother's blood.

5. **Amniocentesis:** Typically performed in the second trimester, this involves sampling the amniotic fluid to assess genetic abnormalities and certain birth defects.

These diagnostic methods can help identify potential issues early in pregnancy, allowing for informed decision-making and appropriate medical management. It's important to discuss the risks and benefits of these tests with healthcare professionals.

is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to organs, often the liver and ki...
11/01/2024

is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to organs, often the liver and kidneys. It usually occurs after 20 weeks of and can affect both the mother and the (unborn baby).

The exact of preeclampsia is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, immunologic, and vascular factors. Some risk factors include a history of preeclampsia, first-time pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, maternal age extremes, and certain medical conditions like chronic or kidney disease.

Diagnosing preeclampsia typically involves monitoring blood pressure, checking for protein in the urine, and assessing other symptoms like swelling and organ function. Regular prenatal check-ups help healthcare providers identify signs of preeclampsia. Additional tests, such as blood tests, such as CBC, LFTs, RFTs, LDH, may be conducted to assess organ function and rule out other complications. Early detection is crucial for managing and mitigating potential risks to both the mother and baby.
for preeclampsia depends on the severity of the condition and the gestational age. In mild cases, close of the mother and baby, along with lifestyle changes, may be sufficient. Severe cases may require hospitalization, where medications like might be administered to control blood pressure and prevent complications. If the condition becomes severe and threatens the health of the mother or baby, delivery may be necessary, even if it means delivering the baby .
Preeclampsia can lead to various for both the mother and the baby. For the mother, complications may include (particularly to the liver and kidneys), , and an increased risk of disease later in life. In severe cases, it can lead to , which involves . For the baby, complications can include birth, low birth weight, and in extreme cases, . Prompt medical attention and proper management are crucial to minimize these risks.

09/01/2024

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as lupus, is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues throughout the body. It can affect various organs, leading to symptoms such as joint pain, fatigue, skin rashes, fever, and in severe cases, damage to the kidneys, heart, lungs, or other organs. Treatment involves medications to manage symptoms and suppress the immune response. Regular monitoring and lifestyle adjustments are often necessary to manage the condition effectively.

The exact cause of lupus is not fully understood, but it's believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Some potential causes and triggers include:

1. **Genetics:** Lupus tends to run in families, indicating a genetic predisposition. However, not everyone with a genetic predisposition develops the condition, suggesting that other factors play a role.

2. **Environmental factors:** Exposure to certain environmental triggers, such as sunlight (UV light), infections, certain medications, and even stress, can potentially initiate or exacerbate lupus symptoms in individuals already genetically susceptible.

3. **Hormones:** Hormonal fluctuations, especially in women, seem to influence the development of lupus. The disease often becomes more active during periods of hormonal changes, such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause.

4. **Immune system dysfunction:** Lupus is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues. An imbalance in the immune system's regulatory functions contributes to the development of the condition.

While these factors are believed to contribute to the development of lupus, the exact interplay between genetics, environment, and immune system dysfunction is still an area of ongoing research. Understanding these factors better may lead to improved preventive strategies and more targeted treatments for lupus in the future.

The signs and symptoms of lupus can vary widely among individuals, but some common ones include:

1. Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and weakness.
2. Joint pain and swelling: Arthritis-like symptoms with pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints.
3. Skin rashes: Butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose, or other skin rashes on the body when exposed to sunlight.
4. Fever and general malaise: Low-grade fever, feeling unwell, and overall discomfort.
5. Photosensitivity: Increased sensitivity to sunlight, causing skin rashes or flares.
6. Oral or nasal ulcers: Sores inside the mouth or nose.
7. Chest pain: Inflammation affecting the lining of the heart or lungs, leading to chest pain upon breathing deeply.
8. Kidney problems: Presence of blood or protein in the urine, indicating potential kidney inflammation.

These symptoms can come and go, and their severity can fluctuate over time. As lupus is a complex condition, individuals may experience various symptoms that affect different parts of the body to different extents. Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial for minimizing complications and improving quality of life.

The treatment for lupus typically focuses on managing symptoms, preventing flare-ups, and controlling the autoimmune response. Common approaches include:

1. **Medications:** Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, for joint pain and inflammation. Antimalarial drugs like hydroxychloroquine may help manage symptoms and prevent flares. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants might be prescribed in more severe cases to suppress the immune response.

2. **Lifestyle modifications:** Regular exercise, a balanced diet, adequate rest, and sun protection (using sunscreen and protective clothing) can help manage symptoms and prevent flares.

3. **Monitoring and regular check-ups:** Routine monitoring of organ function (especially kidneys, heart, and lungs) through blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies to detect any complications early on.

4. **Consultation with specialists:** Working with a rheumatologist, who specializes in autoimmune diseases, and other healthcare providers to manage specific symptoms and complications associated with lupus.

5. **Supportive therapies:** Counseling or support groups can provide emotional support and education about the condition, helping individuals cope with the challenges of living with lupus.

Treatment plans for lupus are often tailored to an individual's specific symptoms, overall health, and the organs affected. Regular communication with healthcare professionals is vital for adjusting treatment strategies as needed and managing the condition effectively.

Lupus can lead to various complications, affecting different organs and systems in the body. Some potential complications include:

1. **Kidney damage:** Lupus nephritis, an inflammation of the kidneys, can lead to kidney failure if not managed properly.

2. **Cardiovascular issues:** Increased risk of heart disease and stroke due to inflammation affecting the heart and blood vessels.

3. **Lung problems:** Inflammation in the lungs can cause chest pain, difficulty breathing, and other respiratory issues.

4. **Central nervous system (CNS) complications:** Lupus can affect the brain and nervous system, leading to headaches, memory problems, seizures, or strokes.

5. **Bone tissue death:** Avascular necrosis, caused by reduced blood supply to the bones, particularly in the hips, can result in bone damage.

6. **Increased susceptibility to infections:** Due to the immune system being compromised or suppressed by some medications used to manage lupus.

7. **Pregnancy complications:** Increased risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, or preeclampsia for women with lupus.

These complications highlight the importance of regular monitoring, prompt treatment, and lifestyle management to minimize the impact of lupus on various organs and overall health. Early detection and intervention are crucial in preventing severe complications.

08/01/2024

is a chronic skin condition that speeds up the life cycle of cells, causing cells to build up rapidly on the surface of the skin. This buildup leads to thick, silvery and , dry, red patches that can be painful. It's an disease with no cure, but various treatments can help manage symptoms and reduce flare-ups.

Types
1. psoriasis: The most common form, characterized by raised, red patches covered with a silvery-white buildup of dead skin cells.

2. psoriasis: Often triggered by bacterial infections, this type appears as small, red, dot-like lesions on the skin.

3. psoriasis: Occurs in skin folds (such as under the breasts, in the armpits, or groin area) and appears as smooth, red lesions without scales.

4. psoriasis: Characterized by pus-filled blisters surrounded by red skin. It's typically localized to specific areas of the body.

5. psoriasis: A severe and rare form that leads to widespread redness and shedding of scales across a large portion of the body's surface.

6. Psoriatic is accompanied by joint inflammation, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints.

The exact cause of psoriasis isn't fully understood, but it's believed to be related to a combination of genetic, immune system, and environmental factors.

1. : Family history plays a role, as psoriasis tends to run in families. Having certain genes may make an individual more susceptible to developing the condition.

2. system: Psoriasis is considered an autoimmune disease, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, triggering an overproduction of new skin cells.

3. triggers: Certain factors like stress, infections (such as streptococcal infections), skin injuries, smoking, and certain medications can exacerbate or trigger psoriasis symptoms in individuals who are genetically predisposed.

Psoriasis treatment aims to reduce inflammation, slow down skin cell growth, and alleviate symptoms.

1. Topical treatments: Creams, ointments, or lotions containing corticosteroids, retinoids, vitamin D analogs, coal tar, or salicylic acid can help reduce inflammation and scale buildup.

2. Phototherapy (light therapy): Controlled exposure to ultraviolet light can help slow skin cell turnover.

3. Systemic medications: For moderate to severe cases, oral or injected medications that target the immune system are prescribed. These include , , , or newer oral medications.

4. Biologic drugs: These are a type of systemic medication that specifically targets parts of the immune system involved in severe psoriasis.

5. Oral : These are synthetic forms of vitamin A that can be used for severe cases of psoriasis that haven't responded to other treatments.

6. Moisturizers and lifestyle changes: Regular use of moisturizers and maintaining a healthy lifestyle with stress management, a balanced diet, and avoiding triggers can help manage symptoms.
The choice of treatment depends on the type and severity of psoriasis.

Complications

1. Psoriatic arthritis: Around 30% of people with psoriasis develop psoriatic arthritis, which causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. It can lead to joint damage if left untreated.

2. Increased risk of certain conditions, such as, cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.

3. Emotional and mental health impact leading to stress, anxiety, depression, and a reduced quality of life.

4. Skin infections: Due to the compromised skin barrier and frequent scratching, people with psoriasis might be more prone to bacterial, fungal, or viral skin infections.

5. Eye conditions: such as eye inflammation, such as conjunctivitis or uveitis.

Regular medical care, managing triggers, and seeking timely treatment can help mitigate these complications associated with psoriasis.

05/01/2024

Ischemic heart disease occurs when there's a reduced blood supply to the heart muscle due to narrowed or blocked arteries. It's often caused by , where plaque buildup restricts blood flow, leading to chest pain ( ), heart attacks, or other heart-related issues.

Diagnosis of ischemic heart disease often involves a combination of methods. Medical history, physical exams, and various tests like ( / ), stress tests, , cardiac , scans, or help in determining the presence, severity, and extent of the condition. Blood tests SUCH AS , , , , or might also be conducted to assess heart damage. This comprehensive evaluation aids in confirming the diagnosis and planning appropriate treatment strategies.

Treatment for ischemic heart disease aims to relieve symptoms, reduce the risk of complications, and improve heart health. It typically includes:

1. Lifestyle changes: Adopting a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, managing stress, and maintaining a healthy weight.
2. Medications: Prescribed medications like , - , , , inhibitors, or blockers to manage symptoms, lower blood pressure, reduce , prevent blood clots, and alleviate chest pain.
3. Procedures: Invasive procedures like (with placement) or coronary artery bypass grafting ( ) may be necessary to restore blood flow to the heart if medications and lifestyle changes aren't sufficient.
4. Cardiac rehabilitation: Engaging in monitored exercise programs and education to improve heart health and manage the condition effectively.

The specific treatment plan depends on individual factors like the severity of the disease, overall health, and medical history.

05/01/2024

‏اسکیمک دل کی بیماری یا ہارٹ اٹیک ‎ اس وقت ہوتی ہے جب تنگ یا بند شدہ ‎ #کورونری شریانوں کی وجہ سے دل کے پٹھوں کو خون کی فراہمی کم ہوجاتی ہے۔ یہ اکثر ‎ کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے، جو خون کے بہاؤ کو محدود کرتی ہے، جس سے سینے میں درد (‎ #انجائنا)، دل کا دورہ پڑنا، یا دل سے متعلق دیگر مسائل پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔

اسکیمک دل کی بیماری کی تشخیص میں اکثر بہت سی شامل ہوتی ہیں۔ طبی تاریخ، جسمانی امتحانات، اور مختلف ٹیسٹ جیسے ‎ (‎ /‎ )، تناؤ کے ٹیسٹ، ‎ ، cardiac ‎ ، ‎ اسکین، یا ‎ بیماری، اسکی شدت اور حد کا تعین کرنے میں مدد کرتے ہیں۔ . دل کے نقصان کا اندازہ لگانے کے لیے خون کے ٹیسٹ جیسے ‎ ، ‎ ، ‎ ، ‎ ، ‎ یا ‎ بھی کیے جا سکتے ہیں۔ یہ تصدیق اور مناسب علاج کی حکمت عملیوں کی منصوبہ بندی میں معاون ہے۔

اسکیمک دل کی بیماری کے علاج کا مقصد علامات کو دور کرنا، پیچیدگیوں کے خطرے کو کم کرنا اور دل کی صحت کو بہتر بنانا ہے۔ اس میں عام طور پر شامل ہیں:

1. طرز زندگی میں تبدیلیاں: دل کے لیے صحت مند غذا کو اپنانا، باقاعدگی سے ورزش کرنا، تمباکو نوشی ترک کرنا، تناؤ کا انتظام کرنا، اور صحت مند وزن برقرار رکھنا۔
2. ادویات: تجویز کردہ ادویات جیسے ‎ ، ‎ -‎ ، ‎ ، ‎ ، ‎ inhibitors، یا ‎ ‎ blockers علامات کو کنٹرول کرنے، بلڈ پریشر کو کم کرنے، ‎ #کولیسٹرول کو کم کرنے، خون کے جمنے کو روکنے اور کم کرنے کے لیے سینے کا درد.
3. طریقہ کار: دل میں خون کے بہاؤ کو بحال کرنے کے لیے ناگوار طریقہ کار جیسے ‎ #اینجیوپلاسٹی (‎ #اسٹینٹ پلیسمنٹ کے ساتھ) یا کورونری آرٹری بائی پاس گرافٹنگ (‎ ) ضروری ہوسکتے ہیں اگر ادویات اور طرز زندگی میں تبدیلیاں کافی نہ ہوں۔
4. کارڈیک بحالی: دل کی صحت کو بہتر بنانے اور حالت کو مؤثر طریقے سے منظم کرنے کے لیے نگرانی کے ورزش کے پروگراموں اور تعلیم میں مشغول ہونا۔

مخصوص علاج کا منصوبہ انفرادی عوامل پر منحصر ہے جیسے بیماری کی شدت، مجموعی صحت اور طبی تاریخ۔

31/12/2023

Vaccines are biological preparations that help train the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, reducing the risk of infection or severe illness. They work by imitating an infection, prompting the immune system to generate a response that includes memory cells, enabling the body to recognize and combat the actual pathogen more effectively if encountered in the future.
There are various types of vaccines, including:

1. **Live-attenuated vaccines:** These contain weakened forms of the pathogen, offering a strong immune response. Examples include the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.

2. **Inactivated vaccines:** These contain killed pathogens that cannot cause disease but still provoke an immune response. The polio vaccine is an example of an inactivated vaccine.

3. **Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines:** These use specific parts of the pathogen, such as proteins or polysaccharides, to trigger an immune response. Examples include the hepatitis B vaccine (recombinant) or the meningococcal conjugate vaccine.

4. **Viral vector vaccines:** These use a harmless virus (the vector) to deliver genetic material from the target pathogen into the body to trigger an immune response. The COVID-19 vaccines developed by Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca are viral vector vaccines.

5. **mRNA vaccines:** These vaccines use messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, triggering an immune response. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are mRNA vaccines.

Each type has its benefits and considerations in terms of efficacy, storage requirements, and administration.
ویکسین حیاتیاتی طور پر تیار شدہ ادویات ہیں جو مدافعتی نظام کو مخصوص پیتھوجینز کو پہچاننے اور ان سے لڑنے میں مدد کرتی ہیں، جیسے وائرس یا بیکٹیریا، انفیکشن یا شدید بیماری کے خطرے کو کم کرتی ہیں۔ وہ ایک انفیکشن کی نقل کرتے ہوئے کام کرتے ہیں، مدافعتی نظام کو ایک ردعمل پیدا کرنے کے لیے اکساتے ہیں جس میں میموری کے خلیے شامل ہوتے ہیں، جسم کو اس قابل بناتے ہیں کہ وہ حقیقی پیتھوجین کو پہچان سکے اور مستقبل میں اس کا سامنا ہو تو زیادہ مؤثر طریقے سے مقابلہ کر سکے۔
ویکسین کی مختلف اقسام ہیں، بشمول:

1. **لائیو-ٹینیویٹڈ ویکسین:** ان میں پیتھوجین کی کمزور شکلیں ہوتی ہیں، جو ایک مضبوط مدافعتی ردعمل پیش کرتی ہیں۔ مثالوں میں خسرہ، ممپس، اور روبیلا (MMR) ویکسین شامل ہیں۔

2. **غیر فعال ویکسین:** ان میں مرے ہوئے پیتھوجینز ہوتے ہیں جو بیماری کا سبب نہیں بن سکتے لیکن پھر بھی مدافعتی ردعمل کو ہوا دیتے ہیں۔ پولیو ویکسین ایک غیر فعال ویکسین کی ایک مثال ہے۔

3. **Subunit، recombinant، polysaccharide، اور conjugate vaccines:** یہ مدافعتی ردعمل کو متحرک کرنے کے لیے پیتھوجین کے مخصوص حصوں، جیسے کہ پروٹین یا پولی سیکرائڈز کا استعمال کرتی ہیں۔ مثالوں میں ہیپاٹائٹس بی ویکسین (ریکومبینینٹ) یا میننگوکوکل کنجوگیٹ ویکسین شامل ہیں۔

4. **وائرل ویکٹر ویکسین:** یہ ایک بے ضرر وائرس (ویکٹر) کا استعمال کرتے ہیں تاکہ ٹارگٹ پیتھوجین سے جینیاتی مواد کو جسم میں پہنچایا جا سکے تاکہ مدافعتی ردعمل کو متحرک کیا جا سکے۔ جانسن اینڈ جانسن اور AstraZeneca کی تیار کردہ COVID-19 ویکسین وائرل ویکٹر ویکسین ہیں۔

5. **mRNA ویکسین:** یہ ویکسین میسنجر آر این اے کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے خلیات کو روگزن کا ایک بے ضرر ٹکڑا پیدا کرنے کی ہدایت کرتی ہیں، جو مدافعتی ردعمل کو متحرک کرتی ہیں۔
Pfizer-BioNTech اور Moderna COVID-19 ویکسین mRNA ویکسین ہیں۔

31/12/2023

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‏کالا یرقان یا ‎ #ہیپاٹائٹس سییہ ایک موذی مرض ہے۔ خو ن کے ذریعے پھیلتا ہے۔ عام طور پر غیر محفوظ خو ن، دانتوں کی صفائی، غ...
25/12/2023

‏کالا یرقان یا ‎ #ہیپاٹائٹس سی
یہ ایک موذی مرض ہے۔ خو ن کے ذریعے پھیلتا ہے۔ عام طور پر غیر محفوظ خو ن، دانتوں کی صفائی، غیرتربیت یافتہ طبی عملے سے علاج، سرنج کا بار بار استعمال، مریض کے ساتھ غیر محفو ظ جنسی تعلقات سے یہ وائرس جسم میں منتقل ہوتا ہے۔ یہ ‎ #وائرس پینے کے پانی سے نہیں پھیلتا۔ اسکے ٹیسٹ ہر چھے مہینے میں ایک مرتبہ سب کو ضرور کروانے چاہئیں۔ ایک دفعہ منتقل ہو کر یہ مخصوص وائرس کش ادویات کے بغیر ختم نہیں ہوتا۔ حکمت اور ہومیو پیتھی میں اسکا علاج موجود نہیں ہے۔ اسکا علاج مخصوص ایلو پیتھی ادویات سے ہی ہوتا ہے۔ علاج شروع کرنے سے پہلے کچھ ٹیسٹ کروانے ہوتے ہیں تا کہ مریض کے لیے ادویات کا انتخاب کیا جا سکے۔ اس کے لیے پی سی آر، ایل ایف ٹی، آر ایف ٹی، الٹراساونڈ، سی بی سی کے ٹیسٹ کروانے ہوتے ہیں۔ ہم نے تین ماہ کا وائرس کش ادویات کا کورس مہییا کیا ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ تین مہینے کا مفت فالو اپ بھی ہوگا۔ رجسٹرڈ مریضوں کے لیے مفت فون اور واٹس ایپ پیلپ لائن بھی میسر ہوگی۔
ایچ سی وی کا اگر علاج نہ کروایا جاے تو یہ جان لیوا قسم کے ‎ #کینسر میں تبدیل ہو جاتا ہے۔ لاکھوں روپے لگا کر بھی اسکا علاج نہیں ہو پاتا جو لوگ علاج کے سلسلے میں سنجیدہ ہیں، وہ اپنی قیمتی زندگی کو جان لیوا خطرات سے محفوظ بنانے کے لیے اس نمبر پر رابطہ کریں۔
عدیل عباس: 03066002662
‎ C
It is a contagious disease. Spreads through the blood and its products. Generally, the virus is transmitted through contaminated blood, dental treatment by untrained medical personnel with contaminated instrumens, repeated use of syringes, unprotected s*x with a patient, etc This virus is not spread through drinking water. Everyone should have their tests for virus done once every six months. Once transmitted, it is not eradicated without specific antiviral drugs. There is no cure for it in Hikmat and Homeopathy. It is treated with specific allopathic antiviral medicines. Before starting the treatment some tests have to be done so that the medicine can be selected for the patient. For this, ‎ , LFTs, RFTs, ultrasound, and CBC tests have to be done. We have arranged a three-month course of antiviral drugs. Apart from this, there will be a free follow-up for three months. Free phone and WhatsApp helpline will also be available for registered patients.
HCV can turn into a life-threatening type of cancer, ‎ carcinoma, if left untreated, which cannot be treated even by spending millions. Those who are serious about the treatment should contact this number to protect their precious life from deadly virus.
Adeel Abbas: 03066002662

Address

Faisalabad Institute Of Cardiology & Chughtai Diagnostic Center
Shah Faisalabad
54300

Opening Hours

Monday 19:00 - 22:00
Tuesday 19:00 - 22:00
Wednesday 19:00 - 22:00
Thursday 19:00 - 22:00
Friday 19:00 - 22:00
Saturday 19:00 - 22:00

Telephone

+923212993141

Website

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