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Neuroanatomy research group, Riyadh (2025)

20/11/2025

𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗙𝗼𝘂𝗿
ᵐᵒᵛᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗˢ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵉʸᵉˢ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʰᵉ ᵗᵒⁿᵍᵘᵉ !
(👀 , 👅 and the 🧠)

The movement of the eyes and tongue is controlled by 𝗙𝗼𝘂𝗿 pure motor cranial nerves.
- The oculomotor (𝘾𝙉 III).
- The trochlear (𝘾𝙉 IV).
- The abducens (𝘾𝙉 VI).
- The hypoglossal (𝘾𝙉 XII).

* All four neuclei are located in the midline.
* All four nerves embrologicaly are somatic motor origin.
* All are pure motor and voluntary movement.

All are connected through internal fibers for better coordination of the eyes and tongue movement.

𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲: Bafaquh M: A potential new brainstem reflex: The oculoglossal phenomenon. Surg Neurol Int. 2021 Aug 3;12:388. doi: 10.25259/SNI_334_2021. PMID: 34513155; PMCID: PMC8422429.

19/11/2025

Cerebral arteriovenous malformation (𝗔𝗩𝗠) AVM Embolization: Pre- and Post-Treatment Angiographic Comparison

The left panel demonstrates a grade II cerebral AVM consisting of multiple 𝗠𝗖𝗔 feeding arteries, a compact nidus, and an early opacified draining vein, indicating high-flow arteriovenous shunting and absence of a normal capillary bed.
- Such hemodynamic stress predisposes to rupture and intracranial hemorrhage.

- Endovascular embolization was performed via superselective microcatheterization of the arterial feeders, followed by controlled injection of 𝗢𝗻𝘆𝘅 18—a low-viscosity ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer formulation—allowing deep nidus pe*******on and cohesive filling while minimizing reflux.

- The right panel, obtained post-embolization, reveals near-complete angiographic obliteration of the nidus and restoration of normal cerebral venous drainage patterns.

This illustrates the efficacy of liquid embolic agents in achieving durable flow reduction and preparing the lesion for potential surgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery.

17/11/2025

A carotid–cavernous fistula (CCF) 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗷𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘄 !

- Abnormal connection between the carotid arterial system and the cavernous sinus, leading to high-flow shunting of arterial blood into the venous system.
- This elevated venous pressure causes congestion of the orbital veins, resulting in classic ocular findings such as:
* pulsatile proptosis
* chemosis
* conjunctival arterialization, often described as “𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘄” vessels.
^ These twisting, engorged conjunctival vessels reflect the high-flow state and impaired venous drainage seen in CCFs.

13/11/2025

The Neuroanatomy Research Group is launching a series of oral mock exam sessions this Saturday (November 15, 2025) 🧠✨

A targeted group of participants has already been arranged—get ready for focused, high-yield preparation. 📚🔥

Full review of a Neurosurgical condition in one slide👇💫

10/11/2025

Brain Medial view of the deep structures - The 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗿𝗼𝗶𝗱𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆 (AChA) and the 𝗛𝗛𝗛 𝘀𝘆𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗲

Dissection demonstrates the anterior choroidal artery (AChA) arising from the internal carotid artery (ICA).
The AChA courses posterolaterally beneath the 𝗨𝗻𝗰𝘂𝘀, supplying the following:
1- Optic tract.
2- Posterior limb of the internal capsule.
3- Globus pallidus.
4- Lateral geniculate body.
5- Chroid plexus.

Classic 𝗔𝗖𝗵𝗔 𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗲 "𝗛𝗛𝗛" (Triad):
- described by Foix and Charcot-

1. Contralateral 𝗛emiplegia – corticospinal fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
2. Contralateral 𝗛emisensory loss – damage to thalamocortical sensory fibers traversing the same region.
3. Contralateral 𝗛omonymous hemianopia – from ischemia of the optic tract or lateral geniculate body.

06/11/2025

Neurosurgery Course 101! 🧠

📅 8th November
📍 King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (KFSHRC)

🔗Scan the barcode to register, limited spots!

26/09/2025

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗲𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗺𝘆 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗽

🔝 𝘕𝘦𝘶𝘳𝘰𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘨𝘦𝘳𝘺 (NSX 102)- workshop.
General Neurosurgical Approaches !
; ☞︎︎︎ Pterional, Retrosigmoid, ACDF !
🗓️Saturday, Sept 27, 2025
7:30 - 16:30
📍Faculty of Medicine
KFMC – 4th floor

🔜 Next Course:
𝘕𝘦𝘶𝘳𝘰𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘨𝘦𝘳𝘺 (NSX 101)ᵗʰᵉ ᵇᵃˢⁱᶜˢ

15/06/2025

🧠 𝗥𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗺𝗼𝗶𝗱 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗰𝗵
📍 8. Posterior Fossa Anatomy – Cranial Nerves & key foramina:

✅ Internal Auditory Meatus (CN VII/VIII)
✅ Jugular Foramen (CN IX/X/XI)
✅ CN VI – Dorello’s canal
✅ CN V – Trigeminal pore

🔍 Essential neuroanatomy for skull base & CPA surgery!

13/06/2025

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐂𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 (𝗔𝗖𝗔)-𝐬𝐞𝐠𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬:
1. 𝗔1 segment (Precommunicating segment) – Extends from the internal carotid artery bifurcation to the anterior communicating artery.
2. 𝗔2 segment (Postcommunicating segment) – Extends from the anterior communicating artery to the region just anterior to the genu of the corpus callosum.
3. 𝗔3 segment (Pericallosal segment) – Courses around the genu of the corpus callosum.
4. 𝗔4 segment (Supracallosal segment) – Runs along the superior surface of the body of the corpus callosum.
5. 𝗔5 segment (Postcallosal segment) – Extends over the posterior portion of the corpus callosum.

09/06/2025

•During embryonic development, the arterial system arises from F͟i͟v͟e͟ key sources:
1.𝐕𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐚𝐜:
- Forms the roots of the ascending aorta and brachiocephalic trunk.
2.𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐲𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐡 (aortic arches):
•Form portions of the carotid arteries, subclavian arteries, aortic arch, and pulmonary arteries.
3.𝐃𝐨𝐫𝐬𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐞:
•For descending aorta and give rise to intersegmental arteries that become intercostal, lumbar, and vertebral arterie.
4.𝐕𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬:
•Supply the yolk sac initially and later become the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery.
5.𝐔𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬:
•Persist proximally as the internal iliac arteries while regressing distally to become the medial umbilical ligaments.

08/06/2025

The circumventricular organs (CVOs):
𝐃𝐫𝐚𝐰 𝐯𝐬. 𝐌𝐑𝐈

- specialized structures located around the 3ʳᵈ & 4ᵗʰ ventricles.
- Thy lack the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

1. 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 Organ (SFO): monitors osmolarity and blood pressure (e.g., angiotensin II), allowing it to regulate thirst and cardiovascular function.
2. 𝐎𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐦 𝐕𝐚𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐦: smolarity and solute concentration, for regulating thirst and vasopressin secretion.
3. 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚: Detects toxins in the blood and triggers vomiting (chemoreceptor trigger zone).
4. 𝐌𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞: route to hypothalamic hormones (CRH, TRH) to the portal circulation.
5. 𝐏𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐆𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝: releases melatonin directly into the bloodstream, requiring free exchange of hormones for circadian rhythm.
6. 𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐫𝐨𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬( Posterior Pituitary): secretes oxytocin and vasopressin directly into the blood.
7. 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐜𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 Organ: secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), contributing to the development and function of the brain’s ventricular.

Neuroanatomy research group

20/11/2025

19/11/2025

17/11/2025

13/11/2025

10/11/2025

06/11/2025

26/09/2025

15/06/2025

13/06/2025

09/06/2025

08/06/2025

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