06/05/2025
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🎂 Happy 169th Birthday to Sigmund Freud, born on this day in 1856!
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. Originally trained in medicine and neurology, his early collaboration with Josef Breuer on Studies on Hysteria (1895) laid the groundwork for the concept of the unconscious. Following the publication of The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud founded the Wednesday Psychological Society, later renamed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. After his rupture with Jung, he consolidated his circle through the formation of the Secret Committee in 1912. His work evolved into a metapsycho-logical and clinical project encompassing theories of drive, repression, and psychic structure, as well as the elaboration of key analytic concepts such as transference and resistance.
Freud maintained a prolific correspondence and editorial presence that helped shape psychoanalytic discourse across Europe. The 1920s marked a period of significant theoretical revision, including the formulation of the dual drive theory in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) and the structural model of the psyche in The Ego and the Id (1923), reflecting Freud’s deepening emphasis on internal psychic conflict. He also began exploring the cultural implications of his ideas, particularly in Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), where he examined the tension between individual instinctual desires and the demands of society.
Freud’s final years, spent in exile in London following the N**i annexation of Austria, were marked by illness but also by continued intellectual engagement. His influence remains foundational, not only in clinical practice but also across the humanities and social sciences.
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#精神分析 #психоанализ #פסיכואנליזה #ψυχανάλυση