Medical Laboratory science

06/11/2024

The Giardia lamblia cyst is a hardy, infectious form of the parasite that allows it to survive outside a host’s body. This cyst stage is highly resistant to environmental factors, including stomach acid, chlorine in water, and cold temperatures. Cysts are oval-shaped, about 8–12 micrometers long, and are typically found in contaminated water, food, or soil, making them a primary mode of transmission for giardiasis.

When a person ingests Giardia cysts—often through drinking untreated water or consuming contaminated food—the cysts travel to the small intestine. There, they transform into the active, feeding form called a trophozoite, which attaches to the intestinal lining and begins to multiply. As the parasite moves through the intestines, it forms new cysts that are then passed in the host’s f***s, ready to infect others.

Preventing Giardia cyst transmission requires:

1. Using clean, treated drinking water.

2. Practicing proper hand hygiene, especially after using the restroom or changing diapers.

3. Washing fruits and vegetables before eating.

4. Avoiding food and water that may be contaminated, especially in high-risk areas.

Cysts can be killed by boiling water, filtering, or using specific water treatments designed to remove or inactivate parasites.

29/10/2024

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) waxay tahay baaritaan caafimaad oo si gaar ah loogu sameeyo dhiigga laga soo qaado halbawlaha wadnaha (artery), taas oo ka duwan dhiigga laga qaado xididada kale ee jidhka (veins). Baaritaankan waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo ogaado heerarka ogsijiinta iyo kaarboon daayoxide ee dhiigga, iyo dheelitirka acid-base (pH) ee dhiigga. Waxay muhiim u tahay in la fahmo xaaladaha caafimad ee bukaanka, sida neefsashada iyo dheellitirka dheecaannada jirka.

Faa'iidooyinka Arterial Blood Gas (ABG):

1. Ogaanshaha Xaaladaha Sambabada: Baaritaankan waxaa laga yaabaa in loo isticmaalo in lagu ogaado dhibaatooyinka sambabada, sida COPD, asthma, iyo cudurrada neefsashada kale ee keena neefsashada dhibaato.

2. Ogaanshaha Dhibaatooyinka Qalbiga: ABG waxay sidoo kale kaa caawin kartaa in la ogaado xaaladaha wadnaha, gaar ahaan haddii dhiiggu uusan si fiican ugu wareegayn jirka.

3. Heerka Ogsijiinta Dhiigga: Tani waa mid aad muhiim u ah gaar ahaan bukaannada ICU-ga ku jira ama kuwa qaba dhibaatooyinka neefsashada, si loo hubiyo in ogsijiinta ay ku filan tahay.

4. Ogaanshaha Heerka Acid iyo Base: PH-ga dhiigga ayaa ah mid muhiim ah oo muujinaya dheellitir la’aanta acid iyo base ee jirka (acidosis ama alkalosis), taas oo noqon karta xaalad caafimaad oo khatar ah.

5. Daryeelka Bukaanka Degdegga Ah: ABG waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa xaaladaha degdegga ah, gaar ahaan marka bukaanka uu ku jiro xaalad halis ah oo u baahan daryeel degdeg ah si loo fahmo heerarka ogsijiinta, kaarboon daayoxide, iyo dheecaannada dhiigga.

Sida ABG loo Sameeyo:

1. Dhiig ayaa laga soo qaadaa halbawlaha (sida halbawlaha curcurka) iyadoo la adeegsanayo cirbad khaas ah oo nadiif ah.

2. Dhiigga waxaa si degdeg ah loogu diraa shaybaarka si loo eego cabbiraadaha muhiimka ah.

3. Natiijooyinka waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo dejiyo qorshaha daryeelka, iyadoo la eegayo heerka ogsijiinta, kaarboon daayoxide, pH, iyo bicarbonate.

Qiimeynta Natiijooyinka ABG:

pH: Heerka pH waa inuu ahaadaa inta u dhaxaysa 7.35 iyo 7.45. Haddii uu ka hooseeyo 7.35, waxaa laga yaabaa inuu jiro acidosis; haddii uu ka sarreeyo 7.45, waxaa laga yaabaa inuu jiro alkalosis.

PaO₂: Heerka caadiga ah waa 75-100 mm Hg. Heerkan hoose waxaa loola jeedaa ogsijiin yari (hypoxemia).

PaCO₂: Heerka caadiga ah waa 35-45 mm Hg. Haddii uu aad u sarreeyo, waxaa laga yaabaa inay jirto neefsashada oo yaraata (hypoventilation); haddii uu aad u hooseeyo, waxaa laga yaabaa inay jirto neefsashada oo kordha (hyperventilation).

HCO₃⁻: Heerka caadiga ah waa 22-26 mEq/L, taas oo tilmaamaysa dheellitirka base ee jirka.

Baadhitaanka ABG wuxuu muhiim u yahay fahamka guud ee xaaladda caafimaad ee bukaanka, wuxuuna gacan ka geystaa samaynta qorshaha daryeel caafimaad ee saxda ah.

28/10/2024

Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic protozoan responsible for amoebiasis, an intestinal infection. It typically spreads through ingestion of contaminated food or water and can cause dysentery, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, liver abscesses.

The cyst form of E. histolytica is the infectious stage. These cysts are highly resistant to harsh environmental conditions, which allows them to survive outside the host in water, soil, and food. When ingested, they can transform into the active, invasive trophozoite stage in the intestines, leading to infection.

Key Characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica Cysts:

1. Size: Usually around 10-15 micrometers in diameter.

2. Shape: Typically round with a distinct, clear border.

3. Nuclei: Mature cysts have four nuclei, while immature cysts might have fewer.

4. Cytoplasmic Structures: Contains chromatoid bodies and glycogen vacuoles, which help identify it under a microscope.

Life Cycle of E. histolytica

1. Cyst ingestion (in food or water).

2. Excystation in the intestines, transforming into trophozoites.

3. Invasion: Trophozoites can invade the intestinal wall or spread to other organs (like the liver).

4. Encystation: Some trophozoites form cysts, which are then excreted in f***s, completing the cycle.

Prevention

To prevent amoebiasis, maintain good hygiene, use clean drinking water, properly wash food, and avoid food from uncertain sources in areas where the infection is common.

27/10/2024

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) waa hormoon ay soo saarto qanjirka pituitary-ga ee maskaxda, kaas oo kicisa qanjirka tayroodhka si uu u soo daayo hormoonnada tiroodhka (T3 iyo T4). Hormoonnadan waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan nidaaminta dheefshiidka, tamarta jirka, iyo shaqooyinka kale ee muhiimka ah.

TSH sare: Waxaa keeni kara tayroodhka oo hoos u shaqeeya (hypothyroidism), taas oo ka dhigan in qanjirka tayroodhka uu soo saarayo hormoono aan ku filnayn jirka. Calaamadaha waxaa ka mid noqon kara daal, miisaan kordhin, iyo qabowga oo laga xanuunsado.

TSH hoose: Waxaa keeni kara tayroodhka oo si xad dhaaf ah u shaqeeya (hyperthyroidism), taas oo calaamadeedu ay ku jiraan miisaan lumin, garaaca wadnaha oo soo dhakhso noqonaya, iyo kulaylka oo la dareemo.

Waxaa muhiim ah in la falanqeeyo heerka TSH iyo hormoonnada kale ee tayroodhka si loo fahmo haddii qanjirka tayroodhka uusan si caadi ah u shaqeynayn.

26/10/2024

Random Blood sugar : cabirka sonkorta dhiigga ee "random blood sugar" (RBS)

Cabirka sonkorta dhiigga (RBS) waxa uu cabiraa heerka sonkorta ee dhiigga wakhti kasta oo maalinta ah, iyadoon loo eegin waqtiga aad cunto. Tani waxay caawisaa in la ogaado sonkorta dhiigga, gaar ahaan dadka laga yaabo inay qabaan sonkorow ama kuwa horey u haystay.

Halkan waxaa ku yaal tilmaamo guud oo ku saabsan heerarka sonkorta dhiigga:

Caadi: Ka yar 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)

Heerka ka hooseeya sonkorowga: 140 ilaa 199 mg/dL (7.8 ilaa 11.0 mmol/L)

Sonkorow: 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) ama ka sareeya

If you have concerns about your blood sugar levels, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and possible testing.

05/08/2024

The colonies of E. coli grow with a green metallic sheen, which is due to the metachromatic property of dyes (eosin and methylene blue in the ratio of 6:1) and the lactose fermenting property of E. coli , which changes the pH of the medium to acidic.

02/08/2024