Dr Emmyoung

26/07/2025

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Yasmin Jose, Ella Vinna Hakim

21/07/2025

Neonatal Pneumonia

By Tutor Nyong Emmanuel

Neonatal pneumonia is lung infection in a neonate. Onset may be within hours of birth and part of a generalized sepsis syndrome or after 7 days and confined to the lungs. Signs may be limited to respiratory distress or progress to shock and death. Diagnosis is by clinical and laboratory evaluation for sepsis. Treatment is initial broad-spectrum antibiotics changed to organism-specific medications as soon as possible.

Etiology|

Symptoms and Signs|

Diagnosis|

Treatment|

Chlamydial Pneumonia|

Treatment

(See also Overview of Pneumonia in adults and Overview of Neonatal Infections.)

Pneumonia is the most common invasive bacterial infection in neonates after primary sepsis. Early-onset pneumonia is part of generalized sepsis that first manifests at or within hours of birth (see Neonatal Sepsis). Late-onset pneumonia usually occurs after 7 days of age, most commonly in neonatal intensive care units among infants who require prolonged endotracheal intubation because of lung disease (called ventilator-associated pneumonia).

Etiology of Neonatal Pneumonia

Organisms are acquired from the maternal ge***al tract or the hospital nursery or neonatal intensive care unit. These organisms include gram-positive cocci (eg, groups A and B streptococci, both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacilli (eg, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Proteus species).

In infants who have received broad-spectrum antibiotics, many other pathogens may be found, including Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Bacillus, and Serratia.

Viruses, such as cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus, or fungi, such as Candida and Aspergillus, cause some cases of neonatal pneumonia

Symptoms

16/07/2025

Abdominal Pain in a 26-Yr-Old Pregnant Woman
Review of Systems

History of Present Illness
A 26-year-old woman comes to the office because of a 3-day history of lower abdominal pain. She is 18 weeks pregnant by dates. The patient describes the pain as sharp, steady, and radiating across her lower abdomen bilaterally. Last night she developed new nausea and vomiting. She has not been able to keep down any food or drink this morning. She had a normal bowel movement yesterday. She says she felt cold and shivering this morning, followed by feeling warm; however, she did not check her temperature. She denies vaginal bleeding.
What is your possible differential diagnosis

Doctor

16/07/2025

Antidiabetic drugs can be classified based on their mechanism of action and their role in managing blood glucose levels. Here is a structured classification:

1. Biguanides
- Example: Metformin
- Mechanism: Increases peripheral glucose uptake and utilization, decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis.
- Notes: First-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, especially in overweight patients. Does not cause hypoglycemia. Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances.

2. Sulfonylureas
- Examples: Gliclazide, Glipizide, Tolbutamide
- Mechanism: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic β-cells.
- Notes: Can cause hypoglycemia and weight gain. Typically used in lean patients where insulin secretion is impaired.

3. Meglitinides
- Examples: Repaglinide, Nateglinide
- Mechanism: Stimulates rapid insulin release from the pancreas.
- Notes: Short-acting; targets postprandial glucose levels. Risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain.

4. Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
- Example: Pioglitazone
- Mechanism: Increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.
- Notes: Risk of weight gain, edema, and increased fracture risk in women. Contraindicated in heart failure.

5. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Example: Acarbose
- Mechanism: Delays carbohydrate absorption in the intestine.
- Notes: Targets postprandial glucose levels. Can cause gastrointestinal side effects.

6. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Examples: Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin
- Mechanism: Inhibits DPP-4 enzyme, increasing incretin levels, which increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels.
- Notes: Weight neutral, does not cause hypoglycemia.

7. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists
- Examples: Exenatide, Liraglutide
- Mechanism: Mimics incretin hormones, enhancing insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying.
- Notes: Can cause weight loss. Risk of gastrointestinal

12/07/2025

What is your best choice of treatment for a mother who recently had eclampsia at 37 WOA and CS was done successfully baby is fine but the mother's blood pressure is still high despite all the management. This morning her blood pressure was at 160/95mghg. what is the best drug to manage her condition
A. Methyldopa
B. Nifidifine
C. Hydralazine
D. Amlodipine

10/07/2025

In the management of pneumothorax by insertion of thoracic drain seal tube under water. What is the correct location for the thoracic tube insertion in adult?
A. 5th intercostal space mid axillary line
B. 2nd intercostal space mid clavicular line
C. Needle thoracotomy
D. Only A is correct

09/07/2025

Happy 14th independence to South Sudan

20/06/2025

Acute urticaria
Cause
Mnemonics 5Is
Infections
Infestations
Ingestions
Injections
Inhalation

20/06/2025

Chronic diarrhea in children can be attributed to several causes, which can be remembered using the mnemonic "5Cs":

1. Cow milk intolerance (lactose intolerance)
2. Celiac disease
3. Colitis (ulcerative)
4. Cystic fibrosis
5. Crohn's disease

09/04/2025

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Nemi Neima, John De Fame, Saroya Zee, Fèrr Ìdá, Fêl Çœmêdîå Bëñsõñ, Ngbarago Misheline, Lona David, Elizabeth Nyei, Spencer John