Dr Emmyoung

08/08/2025

1.Red man's syndrome is the side effects of which drug below?
A. Vancomycin
B. Cephalosporins
C. Penicillins
D. Quinolones

28/07/2025

According to WHO (2025) data, Hepatitis is a leading cause of liver cancer and a growing global killer, claiming 1.3 million lives every year.

Hepatitis B and C, in particular, continue to spread silently, with 6000 new infections every single day.

Do you know your hepatitis B and C status .
Are you vaccinated for Hepatitis B.
It's world Hepatitis day

27/07/2025

Part II of Antihypertensive medications
4. Durietics
Mechanism of actions
They promote renal excretion of sodium and water there by reducing the blood volume.
Common drugs
Hydrochlorothiazide, Furosemide and spirolactone.
Interactions
NSAIDs may reduce durietics efficiency
ACE interfere with it's absorption,ARBs it's increases risks of renal impairment and hyperkalemia with potassium sparing durietics.
Side effects
Electrolyte imbalance
Dehydration
Hyperuricemia
6. Direct Vasodilators
Mechanism of action
It directly relaxed the vascular smooth muscle.
Common drugs
Hydralazine, Minoxide.
Interactions
Reacts with other antihypertensive to cause additive hypotensive effects
NSAIDs may reduce efficiency.
Side effects.
Reflex tachycardia, fluid retention, lupus symptoms (with hydralazine)
7. Centrally Acting Agent.
Mechanism of action
Acts to control Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors reduce symptomatic outflow
Common drugs
Clonidine, Methyldopa.
Interactions
Beta-blocker increases risks of severe bradycardia and rebound hypotension upon withdrawal.
Side effects
Sedation, dry mouth, rebound hypotension upon abrupt discontinuations.

27/07/2025

When managing hypertension, understanding the interactions and side effects of antihypertensive drugs is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes. Below is a detailed overview of common antihypertensive drug classes, their interactions, and potential side effects:
1. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
- Mechanism: Inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
- Common Drugs: Lisinopril, Enalapril, Ramipril.
- Interactions:
- Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Increased risk of hyperkalemia.
- NSAIDs: May reduce antihypertensive effects and increase renal impairment risk.
- Lithium: Increased risk of lithium toxicity.
- Side Effects:
- Cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema, renal impairment.

2. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
- Mechanism: Block the action of angiotensin II, preventing vasoconstriction.
- Common Drugs: Losartan, Valsartan, Telmisartan.
- Interactions:
- Aliskiren: Increased risk of renal impairment, hyperkalemia, and hypotension, particularly in diabetic patients.
- Potassium Supplements: Increased risk of hyperkalemia.
- Side Effects:
- Dizziness, hyperkalemia, renal dysfunction.

3. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
- Mechanism: Inhibit calcium ions from entering vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells, causing vasodilation.
- Common Drugs: Amlodipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil.
- Interactions:
- Beta-Blockers: Increased risk of bradycardia and heart block.
- CYP3A4 Inhibitors: Increased serum concentrations of CCBs.
- Side Effects:
- Peripheral edema, constipation, bradycardia (especially with non-dihydropyridines like Verapamil).

4. Beta-Blockers
- Mechanism: Block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and cardiac output.
- Common Drugs: Metoprolol, Atenolol, Carvedilol.
- Interactions:
- Calcium Channel Blockers: Risk of heart block and bradycardia.
- Insulin and Oral Hypoglycemics: May mask hypoglycemia symptoms.
To be continued

26/07/2025

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Yasmin Jose, Ella Vinna Hakim

21/07/2025

Neonatal Pneumonia

By Tutor Nyong Emmanuel

Neonatal pneumonia is lung infection in a neonate. Onset may be within hours of birth and part of a generalized sepsis syndrome or after 7 days and confined to the lungs. Signs may be limited to respiratory distress or progress to shock and death. Diagnosis is by clinical and laboratory evaluation for sepsis. Treatment is initial broad-spectrum antibiotics changed to organism-specific medications as soon as possible.

Etiology|

Symptoms and Signs|

Diagnosis|

Treatment|

Chlamydial Pneumonia|

Treatment

(See also Overview of Pneumonia in adults and Overview of Neonatal Infections.)

Pneumonia is the most common invasive bacterial infection in neonates after primary sepsis. Early-onset pneumonia is part of generalized sepsis that first manifests at or within hours of birth (see Neonatal Sepsis). Late-onset pneumonia usually occurs after 7 days of age, most commonly in neonatal intensive care units among infants who require prolonged endotracheal intubation because of lung disease (called ventilator-associated pneumonia).

Etiology of Neonatal Pneumonia

Organisms are acquired from the maternal ge***al tract or the hospital nursery or neonatal intensive care unit. These organisms include gram-positive cocci (eg, groups A and B streptococci, both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacilli (eg, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Proteus species).

In infants who have received broad-spectrum antibiotics, many other pathogens may be found, including Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Bacillus, and Serratia.

Viruses, such as cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus, or fungi, such as Candida and Aspergillus, cause some cases of neonatal pneumonia

Symptoms

16/07/2025

Abdominal Pain in a 26-Yr-Old Pregnant Woman
Review of Systems

History of Present Illness
A 26-year-old woman comes to the office because of a 3-day history of lower abdominal pain. She is 18 weeks pregnant by dates. The patient describes the pain as sharp, steady, and radiating across her lower abdomen bilaterally. Last night she developed new nausea and vomiting. She has not been able to keep down any food or drink this morning. She had a normal bowel movement yesterday. She says she felt cold and shivering this morning, followed by feeling warm; however, she did not check her temperature. She denies vaginal bleeding.
What is your possible differential diagnosis

Doctor

16/07/2025

Antidiabetic drugs can be classified based on their mechanism of action and their role in managing blood glucose levels. Here is a structured classification:

1. Biguanides
- Example: Metformin
- Mechanism: Increases peripheral glucose uptake and utilization, decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis.
- Notes: First-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, especially in overweight patients. Does not cause hypoglycemia. Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances.

2. Sulfonylureas
- Examples: Gliclazide, Glipizide, Tolbutamide
- Mechanism: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic β-cells.
- Notes: Can cause hypoglycemia and weight gain. Typically used in lean patients where insulin secretion is impaired.

3. Meglitinides
- Examples: Repaglinide, Nateglinide
- Mechanism: Stimulates rapid insulin release from the pancreas.
- Notes: Short-acting; targets postprandial glucose levels. Risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain.

4. Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
- Example: Pioglitazone
- Mechanism: Increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.
- Notes: Risk of weight gain, edema, and increased fracture risk in women. Contraindicated in heart failure.

5. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Example: Acarbose
- Mechanism: Delays carbohydrate absorption in the intestine.
- Notes: Targets postprandial glucose levels. Can cause gastrointestinal side effects.

6. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Examples: Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin
- Mechanism: Inhibits DPP-4 enzyme, increasing incretin levels, which increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels.
- Notes: Weight neutral, does not cause hypoglycemia.

7. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists
- Examples: Exenatide, Liraglutide
- Mechanism: Mimics incretin hormones, enhancing insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying.
- Notes: Can cause weight loss. Risk of gastrointestinal

12/07/2025

What is your best choice of treatment for a mother who recently had eclampsia at 37 WOA and CS was done successfully baby is fine but the mother's blood pressure is still high despite all the management. This morning her blood pressure was at 160/95mghg. what is the best drug to manage her condition
A. Methyldopa
B. Nifidifine
C. Hydralazine
D. Amlodipine

09/04/2025

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Nemi Neima, John De Fame, Saroya Zee, Fèrr Ìdá, Fêl Çœmêdîå Bëñsõñ, Ngbarago Misheline, Lona David, Elizabeth Nyei, Spencer John