Medical Laboratory Technology-Juba South Sudan

30/04/2025

Part of Urinalysis

30/04/2025

Urine Analysis Details:

1. Types of Urine Analysis
- Physical examination
- Chemical examination
- Microscopic examination

2. Physical Examination (Macroscopic):

Test Normal Interpretation if Abnormal:
Color Pale yellow (urochrome pigment)
Red (blood),
Brown (myoglobin),
Dark yellow (dehydration)
Clarity Clear Cloudy (infection, crystals, mucus)
Odor Slight smell Foul (infection),
Sweet (ketones in diabetes)
Volume 800–2000 mL/day (normal)
High (polyuria),
Low (oliguria)

3. Chemical Examination (Urine Dipstick Method):

Test Normal Abnormal Findings:
pH 4.5 – 8
High: UTI;
Low: Acidosis

Specific Gravity 1.005 – 1.030
Low: Overhydration;
High: Dehydration

Protein Negative
Positive: Kidney disease (proteinuria)

Glucose Negative
Positive: Diabetes mellitus

Ketones Negative
Positive: Diabetic ketoacidosis, fasting

Blood Negative
Positive: Stones, infection, trauma

Bilirubin Negative
Positive: Liver disease

Urobilinogen Normal trace
Increased: Liver disease, hemolysis

Nitrites Negative
Positive: Bacterial infection (Gram-negatives)

Leukocyte esterase Negative
Positive: WBCs, infection

4. Microscopic Examination:

What is Seen Normal Interpretation
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) 0–2 / hpf Hematuria (infection, stones, trauma)
White Blood Cells (WBCs) 0–5 / hpf Infection (UTI)
Epithelial Cells Few Many: Contamination or pathology
Casts Rare hyaline casts RBC casts (glomerulonephritis), WBC casts (pyelonephritis)
Crystals Occasional Uric acid, calcium oxalate, infection-related crystals
Bacteria/Yeasts None Infection
Spermatozoa None May be normal after ej*******on
(hpf = high-power field under microscope)

5. Special Urine Tests
- 24-hour urine collection: For protein quantification, creatinine clearance measurement.
- Urine culture: To detect and identify infection-causing organisms.
- Urine cytology: For suspected urinary tract malignancies.
- Dipstick microalbuminuria: Early marker for diabetic nephropathy.
Note: Proper collection

30/04/2025

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