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Kohler's Disease - Pediatric Kohler's Disease (Navicular Osteochondrosis) is an avascular necrosis of the navicular bo...
21/11/2025

Kohler's Disease - Pediatric
Kohler's Disease (Navicular Osteochondrosis) is an avascular necrosis of the navicular bone of the foot. It was first described by Alban Köhler in 1908

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/pediatric/kohlers-disease/

Phelps’ Test - Phelps’ Test helps differentiate whether limited hip abduction is caused by muscular tightness rather th...
21/11/2025

Phelps’ Test -
Phelps’ Test helps differentiate whether limited hip abduction is caused by muscular tightness rather than joint pathology. Phelps’ Test is designed to assess contracture of the gracilis muscle, one of the medial thigh muscles responsible for hip adduction and knee flexion. Tightness of this muscle can contribute to gait abnormalities, hip mobility limitations, and problems such as crouched gait in children with neuromuscular conditions.

The gracilis is a long, thin muscle that runs along the inner thigh. It originates from the p***c bone and inserts on the medial aspect of the proximal tibia. The gracilis serves dual functions: it adducts the hip (brings the leg toward the midline) and assists in knee flexion. When the knee is extended, the gracilis functions primarily as a hip adductor, but when the knee is flexed, its tension across the hip joint is reduced.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/phelps-test/

Sitting Root Test - The Sitting Root Test is a neurological examination used to assess the sciatic nerve irritation or l...
21/11/2025

Sitting Root Test -
The Sitting Root Test is a neurological examination used to assess the sciatic nerve irritation or lumbar nerve root tension due to lumbar disc herniation or nerve root compression. It is considered a modification of the Slump Test and shares similar biomechanical principles with the Straight Leg Raise (SLR) Test, but it is performed with the patient in a seated position.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/sitting-root-test/

Gluteus Medius Muscle Anatomy - " "The Gluteus medius muscle is a fan-shaped appearance muscle that lies between the gl...
21/11/2025

Gluteus Medius Muscle Anatomy - " "

The Gluteus medius muscle is a fan-shaped appearance muscle that lies between the gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus muscles. Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, while the anterior two-thirds is superficial, covered only by a strong layer of deep fascia. Gluteus medius lies on top of the gluteus minimus, covering the minimus muscle. The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus share the same actions and nerve supply and are supplied by the same blood vessel, the superior gluteal artery. The gluteus minimus and most of the gluteus medius lie deep to the gluteus maximus on the external surface […]

Learn More: https://orthofixar.com/anatomy/gluteus-medius-muscle-anatomy/

Adductor Brevis Muscle Anatomy Overview - The adductor brevis, the short adductor, lies deep to the pectineus and addu...
21/11/2025

Adductor Brevis Muscle Anatomy Overview -
The adductor brevis, the short adductor, lies deep to the pectineus and adductor longus, it's one of the medial compartment of the thigh. Where it arises from the body and inferior ramus of the p***s, it widens as it passes distally to attach to the superior part of the linea aspera.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/anatomy/adductor-brevis-muscle-anatomy/

The Weber Barstow Maneuver - The Weber Barstow maneuver is a visual method for assessing leg length inequality in the s...
20/11/2025

The Weber Barstow Maneuver -
The Weber Barstow maneuver is a visual method for assessing leg length inequality in the supine position. It is particularly useful because it minimizes pelvic obliquity and ensures consistent alignment before the examiner compares the lengths of the lower limbs.

Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a common musculoskeletal concern that may contribute to altered biomechanics, gait abnormalities, chronic pain, or functional limitations. Accurate assessment is essential for appropriate diagnosis and management. Among the clinical techniques available, the Weber Barstow maneuver offers a simple, reliable visual method for detecting gross leg length asymmetry.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/weber-barstow-maneuver/

Sign of the Buttock Test - The Sign of the Buttock Test is a clinical examination used to differentiate between patholog...
20/11/2025

Sign of the Buttock Test -
The Sign of the Buttock Test is a clinical examination used to differentiate between pathology in the hip joint or pelvis and pathology in the lumbar spine or hamstring muscles.

This test helps determine whether limitation of hip flexion is due to:

A musculoskeletal cause such as hamstring tightness or lumbar spine dysfunction, or

A serious intra-pelvic or buttock lesion such as a bursitis, abscess, tumor, or other space-occupying pathology posterior to the hip joint.

The buttock region contains several structures that, when pathological, can restrict hip movement:

Bursae (particularly the ischial and trochanteric bursae)

Soft tissues posterior to the hip joint

Potential spaces where abscesses may form

Areas susceptible to neoplastic growth

When pathology exists in these deeper b

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/sign-of-the-buttock-test/

Orthopedic Learning with Q&A Flashcards - Applications Master orthopedic medicine with our extensive collection of pro...
20/11/2025

Orthopedic Learning with Q&A Flashcards - Applications
Master orthopedic medicine with our extensive collection of professional-grade flashcards. Whether you're a medical student, resident, or practicing professional, our app provides a structured approach to learning orthopedic concepts.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/orthopedic-apps/orthopedic-learning-with-flashcards/

Hart’s Sign - Early recognition of Congenital Dislocation of the Hip (CDH)—now often referred to as Developmental Dyspl...
19/11/2025

Hart’s Sign -
Early recognition of Congenital Dislocation of the Hip (CDH)—now often referred to as Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)—is essential to prevent long-term functional impairment. When diagnosis is delayed, parents and clinicians may begin to notice subtle but important asymmetries in the infant’s hip mobility. Hart’s Sign is based on one of the earliest parental observations: one leg does not abduct as far as the other during diaper changes.

When one hip is dislocated, the femur (thigh bone) "rides up" on the affected side, creating characteristic changes in the soft tissue appearance. This upward displacement results in asymmetry of the fat folds in two key areas:

Gluteal folds: The creases beneath the buttocks may appear uneven, with the affected side showing different positioning or depth

Upper thigh folds: The natural creases in the upper leg may be asymmetric, often with additional or deeper folds on the affected side

While asymmetric skin folds can occur in normal infants, their presence in combination with limited abduction strengthens suspicion for hip dysplasia and warrants furt

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/harts-sign/

The Rule of Nine Test for Pronator Syndrome - The Rule of Nine Test is a specialized clinical examination technique used...
19/11/2025

The Rule of Nine Test for Pronator Syndrome -
The Rule of Nine Test is a specialized clinical examination technique used to diagnose pronator syndrome, a condition where the median nerve becomes compressed as it passes through the pronator teres muscle in the forearm. This test provides a systematic approach to localizing nerve compression and differentiating it from other causes of forearm pain.

The median nerve travels through the forearm in a predictable pathway, passing between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle. The posterior interosseous nerve runs laterally, while the median nerve follows a central course through the forearm musculature.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/rule-of-nine-test-pronator-syndrome/

Biceps Femoris Muscle - " "The hamstring muscles are (1) semitendinosus, (2) semimembranosus, and (3) biceps femoris (l...
19/11/2025

Biceps Femoris Muscle - " "

The hamstring muscles are (1) semitendinosus, (2) semimembranosus, and (3) biceps femoris (long head). The hamstring muscles (“hamstrings” for short) share the following common features:

1. Proximal attachment to the ischial tuberosity deep to the gluteus maximus.

2. Distal attachment to the bones of the leg.

3. Thus, they span and act on two joints, producing extension at the hip joint and flexion at the knee joint.

4. Innervation by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve.

@ The long head of the biceps femoris meets all these conditions

Learn More: https://orthofixar.com/anatomy/biceps-femoris-muscle/

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