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Occipitocervical Dissociation - Occipitocervical Dissociation, also known as craniovertebral dissociations, are hi...
28/12/2025

Occipitocervical Dissociation -
Occipitocervical Dissociation, also known as craniovertebral dissociations, are high-energy injuries resulting from a combination of hyperextension, distraction and rotation at the craniocervical junction

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/spine/occipitocervical-dissociation/

Cremasteric Reflex - The cremasteric reflex is a superficial reflex that occurs only in males. It provides valuable clin...
28/12/2025

Cremasteric Reflex -
The cremasteric reflex is a superficial reflex that occurs only in males. It provides valuable clinical information about the integrity of the L1–L2 spinal segments and the genitofemoral nerve.

The cremasteric reflex is particularly useful in assessing neurological function:

Absent or reduced bilaterally: may indicate an upper motor neuron lesion.

Absent unilaterally: suggests a lower motor neuron lesion affecting the L1–L2 spinal segments or the genitofemoral nerve on that side.

The absence of this reflex gains additional significance if associated with increased deep tendon reflexes, further supporting the presence of an upper motor neuron lesion.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/cremasteric-reflex/

Knee Joint X-Ray Imaging - " "Knee joint X-ray imaging remains a cornerstone in the initial evaluation of knee pain, tr...
28/12/2025

Knee Joint X-Ray Imaging - " "

Knee joint X-ray imaging remains a cornerstone in the initial evaluation of knee pain, trauma, deformity, and degenerative disease. Despite advances in cross-sectional imaging, the knee X-ray continues to provide essential diagnostic information when used judiciously and interpreted in conjunction with a thorough clinical examination. Imaging should not be employed indiscriminately; rather, it serves as an adjunct to history and physical assessment, primarily to confirm or exclude suspected pathology.

Learn More: https://orthofixar.com/basic-science/knee-joint-x-ray-imaging/

Cotton Test | Syndesmosis Injury - The Cotton Test, also known as the Lateral Stress Test, is a clinical examination ma...
27/12/2025

Cotton Test | Syndesmosis Injury -
The Cotton Test, also known as the Lateral Stress Test, is a clinical examination maneuver used to assess distal tibiofibular syndesmosis instability. It is particularly valuable in the evaluation of high ankle sprains and suspected tibiofibular diastasis associated with ankle trauma.

The distal tibia and fibula are stabilized by the ankle syndesmosis, which consists of four key ligaments:

Tibiofibular interosseous ligament

Anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL)

Posteroinferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL)

Transverse tibiofibular ligament

These lig

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/ankle-cotton-test/

Traction-Shift Test of the Thumb - The Traction-Shift Test is a clinical examination technique used to assess the first ...
27/12/2025

Traction-Shift Test of the Thumb -
The Traction-Shift Test is a clinical examination technique used to assess the first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint for signs of arthritis, particularly osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb.

The first carpometacarpal joint is formed between the trapezium bone of the wrist and the base of the first metacarpal bone. This saddle-shaped joint is highly mobile, allowing for the complex movements of thumb opposition, but this mobility also makes it susceptible to degenerative changes over time. CMC arthritis is particularly common in postmenopausal women and individuals who perform repetitive gripping activities.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/traction-shift-test-of-the-thumb/

Lumbar Spine X-Ray Views - Science Lumbar spine X-ray (also called lumbar X-ray or lumbosacral spine X-ray) is a c...
27/12/2025

Lumbar Spine X-Ray Views - Science
Lumbar spine X-ray (also called lumbar X-ray or lumbosacral spine X-ray) is a common imaging study used to evaluate the bones and alignment of the lower back. It helps detect fractures, degenerative changes, and structural abnormalities of the lumbar vertebrae.

Routine plain lumbosacral X-rays are most appropriate when risk factors for a vertebral fracture are present, or if the patient’s symptoms have not improved after about one month of conservative management. In adults under 50 years of age with no signs or symptoms of systemic disease, imaging is generally not required. For patients over 50 years, lumbar x-ray along with laboratory tests can help rule out most systemic conditions.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/spine/lumbar-spine-x-ray-views/

Muscles of the Lower Limb - The muscles of the lower limb are highly specialized to support posture, locomotion, balan...
26/12/2025

Muscles of the Lower Limb -
The muscles of the lower limb are highly specialized to support posture, locomotion, balance, and propulsion. Their coordinated activity allows standing, walking, running, and complex movements of the ankle and foot. From a clinical and educational perspective, understanding muscle actions, peripheral nerve supply, and nerve root derivation is essential for accurate neurological localization and musculoskeletal assessment.

This article provides a systematic overview of the muscles of the lower limb, ankle, and foot, organized by function and summarized in clinically relevant tables.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/anatomy/muscles-of-the-lower-limb/

Crossover Test of the Knee - The Crossover Test is a functional clinical examination used to assess anterolateral rotato...
26/12/2025

Crossover Test of the Knee -
The Crossover Test is a functional clinical examination used to assess anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee, most commonly associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency. This test is considered a self-activated variation of the lateral pivot shift test, as it reproduces similar biomechanical forces through patient-driven movement rather than examiner-applied stress.

The test is particularly useful in cooperative patients and can help demonstrate instability during dynamic loading.

Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/crossover-test-of-the-knee/

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