14/11/2023
🍀🍀🍀大約3-4% 的失智症患者可能會有所謂快速進行性失智症的表現(Rapid progressive dementia),也就是在1~2年間,病患會從原本可獨立生活(CDR:0)到需完全仰賴他人(CDR:2 or 3) 。 如果出現這樣的情況,也可以按照VITAMINS口訣,把可能的原因檢查一下。 🍀🍀🍀
🎃Vascular (血管性問題)
◆ Ischemic or hemorrhagic infarction (single strategic lesion or multifocal)
◆ Subdural hematoma
◆ Cerebral venous thrombosis
◆ Central nervous system vasculitis (primary or systemic)
◆ Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
◇ With related inflammation
◇ Noninflammatory
◆ Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)
◆ Retinocochleocerebral vasculopathy (Susac syndrome)
◆ Hereditary
◇ Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
◇ Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS) syndrome
🎃Infectious(感染性問題)
◆ Bacterial or viral encephalitis/meningitis
◆ Fungal encephalitis/meningitis
◆ Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
◆ Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurologic decline (HAND)
🎃Toxic-metabolic (毒素傷害,營養素缺乏)
◆ Electrolyte disturbances
◆ Hepatic encephalopathy
◆ Renal failure
◆ Thyroid/parathyroid dysfunction
◆ Nutritional/vitamin deficiencies
◇ Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
◇ Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
◇ Vitamin B3 (niacin)
◇ Folate
◆ Hereditary
◇ Wilson disease
◇ Porphyria
◆ Environmental
◇ Heavy metals (eg, lead, mercury, arsenic)
◇ Other (eg, toluene)
🎃Autoimmune/inflammatory (自體免疫)
◆ Autoimmune encephalitis
◇ With antibodies against neuronal cell-surface antigens (eg, N-methyl-d-aspartate [NMDA] receptor, leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1 [LGI1]/contactin-associated protein-like 2 [CASPR2])
◇ With antibodies against intraneuronal/cytoplasmic antigens (eg, Hu, Ri, Yo)
◇ Seronegative
◆ Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT)
◆ Multiple sclerosis (including atypical variants: eg, tumefactive multiple sclerosis)
◆ Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) syndrome
◆ Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
◆ Systemic inflammatory disease (central nervous system [CNS] lupus, Sjögren syndrome, Behçet disease)
◆ Granulomatous disease (eg, sarcoidosis)
◆ Cerebral amyloid angiopathy with related inflammation
◆ Medication-induced (eg, checkpoint inhibitors)
🎃Metastases/neoplastic (轉移性腦瘤)
◆ Metastases to the CNS (commonly lung, breast, renal, thyroid, melanoma)
◆ Primary CNS tumors (glioma, oligodendroglioma, gliomatosis cerebri)
◆ Lymphoma (primary, systemic, intravascular)
◆ Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis or lymphomatosis
◆ Paraneoplastic encephalitis
🎃Iatrogenic (醫源性傷害)
◆ Medication overuse/polypharmacy
◆ Medication toxicity
◇ Over-the-counter medications (eg, bismuth, anticholinergic medications)
◇ Prescription medications (eg, benzodiazepines, narcotics, neuroleptics, phenytoin, valproic acid, lithium)
◆ Indirect medication effect (eg, immune activation with checkpoint inhibitors, immunocompromise with immunosuppressants, leukoencephalopathy with intrathecal methotrexate)
◆ Traumatic brain injury
◆ Extrapontine myelinolysis
◆ Radiation-induced leukoencephalopathy
◆ Substance abuse
🎃Neurodegenerative (神經退化性疾病)
◆ Prion disease
◆ Alzheimer disease
◆ Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
◆ Lewy body disease
◆ Huntington disease
🎃Systemic/seizures/structural (其他系統性問題)
◆ Nonconvulsive status epilepticus
◆ Hypoxia/hypercarbia
◆ Hydrocephalus (normal or high pressure)
#失智症 #神經科診所