Another day another life

19/04/2022

Ukraine has an official border with 7 UN member states: in the east, northeast and actually in the south (Crimean section) with Russia, in the north with Belarus, in the west with Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, in the southwest with Moldova (part of controlled by the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic) and Romania. The length of the coastline is 2835 km. The total length of the borders is 6992 km, the length of the sea border is 1355 km (in the Black Sea - 1056.5 km; in the Sea of ​​Azov - 249.5 km[60]), the length of the land border is 5637 km[61]. Part of the territories in the south of Ukraine (the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol) have actually been annexed to Russia since 2014. Part of the territories in the east of Ukraine (Donetsk and Lugansk regions) has been a zone of armed conflict since 2014 and is not controlled by Ukraine.

19/04/2022

The territory of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders[c] measures 1,316 km from west to east and 893 km from north to south; lies approximately between 52°20' and 45°20' north latitude and 22°5' and 41°15' east longitude. The extreme northern point is the village of Gremyach, Novgorod-Seversky district of the Chernigov region, the southern one is Cape Sarych (Sevastopol region) (according to other estimates, Cape Nikolai, 3.1 km east of Cape Sarych) [c], the western one is the village of Solomonovo near the city of Chop Transcarpathian region, eastern - the village of Early Zorya[58][59] Luhansk region.

19/04/2022

Ukraine is located in the southeastern part of Europe[57], within the East European Plain. The territory of the republic within its internationally recognized borders[c] is 603,549 km², which corresponds to 5.7% of the territory of Europe and 0.44% of the world's territory (44th place in terms of area among the countries of the world and 1st among countries wholly located in Europe[g]).
Ukrainian control over the Crimean peninsula and parts of the Donetsk and Lugansk regions was lost in 2014. Almost the entire territory of Crimea, with the exception of the north of the Arabat Strelka, which has been the territory of the Kherson region since 1954, is controlled by Russia (see annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation), and certain areas of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions are controlled by the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, respectively.

19/04/2022

In the Ukrainian language, due to its inherent rule of melody [54] [55] and the mutual transition of sounds [in] - [y] in order to alternate vowels and consonants, both forms were used in parallel, including in T. Shevchenko's textbooks - the poem " Testament "(When I die, bury / Me on the grave, / Among the wide steppe, / In Ukraine, dear…"), the poem "Ivan Pidkova" (Once upon a time - in Ukraine / Roared guns; / Once upon a time - the Cossacks / Skilled to rule… »), the poem« To my dead, and living, and unborn compatriots in Ukraine and not in Ukraine my friendly message »(title). The form "in Ukraine" is sometimes used in modern Ukrainian speech for a sublime or poetic syllable, but only subject to the rule of melody ("on B", but never "on B") and provided that it is not about state, and about the Ukrainian lands (analog of the form "in Russia"). The prepositions "из" and "с" (Ukrainian из, з) in the Ukrainian language do not differ at all, being interchangeable for harmony.

19/04/2022

In the late Soviet period, the use of “in Ukraine” prevailed, but in the Russian language of the 18th and early 20th centuries (until the 1930s and 1940s)[50] along with it, “in Ukraine” was also used, not only among authors of Ukrainian origin (Narezhny , Gogol, Kostomarov, Korolenko, Vernadsky), but also among the natives of the “Great Russian” provinces: “to Ukraine” (Tatishchev, Karamzin, Odoevsky, Herzen, Prishvin) [51], similarly with the version of Ukraine, for example, in the poem by A. S. Pushkin's "Poltava" (Goes to the tsar's camp in Ukraine)[52]; “from Ukraine” (Leskov, Gorky, A. Tolstoy; the latter option remained active throughout the 20th century)[53]. Many authors of this period used both "in Ukraine" and "in Ukraine" in parallel.

19/04/2022

The compatibility of the prepositions "in / on", "from / from" with the toponym "Ukraine" in modern Russian is sometimes considered as a controversial issue. According to the Russian linguist, chairman of the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2000-2014) V.V. Lopatin, the construction “in Ukraine” (but: “in the state of Ukraine”) is historically normative[43]. The same norm was preserved in the lifetime editions of D. E. Rozental’s Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing[44], however, in reprints of the handbook published since the early 2000s under the editorship of Rosenthal’s long-term co-author, the famous Russian linguist I. B. Golub , it is prescribed to use only the form “in Ukraine”[45]. In the stylistic dictionary of variants "Grammatical Correctness of Russian Speech" (2001)[46], the official letter of explanation of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2009)[47], the works of authoritative Russian linguists and translators V. G. Kostomarov[48], Dmitry Ermolovich and Pavel Palazhchenko[49] the constructions “in Ukraine” and “in Ukraine” are recognized as equal.

12/04/2022

Thus, in the 16th-18th centuries, "Ukraine" becomes the name of a specific geographical region among the names of other historical and ethnographic regions (Volyn, Podolia, Pokuttya, Severshchina, Chervonaya Rus, Zaporozhye). It is assigned to the Middle Dnieper region (Southern Kiev region and Bratslav region) - the territory controlled by the Cossacks[29]. The inhabitants of this territory began to be called Ukrainians or Ukrainians[30]. The geographical, rather than ethnic, connection of this concept is demonstrated by the fact that the Polish gentry serving in these territories were also called Ukrainians[31]. The number of Ukrainians gradually increased, and the name "Ukraine" spread to regions beyond the original territory. During the Khmelnitsky uprising, it began to apply to the entire territory where hostilities took place. The concept was used in written sources and in works of oral folk art; Bogdan Khmelnytsky himself and his successors used it[29]. It, however, did not spread to all the southern Russian lands and did not become the name of the state[29]. After the Andrusov truce (1667), which divided Ukraine along the Dnieper, the names “segogochnaya Ukraine”, “togogochnaya Ukraine” and “Little Russian Ukraine” appeared in use.

12/04/2022

According to the most authoritative and widespread version, including in Ukraine itself[22][23][24], the name of the state comes from the Old Russian word ѹkraina - "border region" - which was originally applied to various border lands of Russia[25][26 ][27] and Old Russian principalities.
General map of Ukraine by the cartographer de Beauplan (1648). The orientation of the map is north at the bottom, south at the top.
As reported in the dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, after South-Western Russia entered the Polish Crown in 1569, a part of its territory stretching from Podolia in the west to the mouth of the Dnieper (“Ochakovsky field”) in the south and including a large part of the lands of the future Yekaterinoslav province in the east, became in this state unofficially referred to as "Ukraine"[28]. This was due to the border location of these territories in the Polish state.

12/04/2022

The independence of the country from the USSR, of which Ukraine was a union republic since December 1922, was proclaimed on August 24, 1991. The successor of state-national traditions and successor of the UNR[15], the successor state of the Ukrainian SSR[16], co-successor of the USSR[17], co-founder of the UN, CIS, GUAM, BSEC and other international organizations, is in association with the European Union. According to existing international treaties and conventions, it has simplified access to the Black Sea Straits[18], carries out research activities in Antarctica[19] and peacekeeping activities[20] in the DR Congo, Kosovo, the Abyei region (in South Sudan) and Transnistria

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