02/18/2026
Lt. j.g. Harriet Ida Pickens and Ensign Frances Wills were the first African-American to join the WAVES, and the first to become officers. While the WAVES director, Capt. MIldred McAfee supported inclusion in the WAVES, Secretary of the Navy William “Frank” Knox was publically against it. Infact, McAfee stated she overheard Knox saying that African Americans “would be in the WAVES over my dead body.” Ironically, it was indeed after Knox’s death in April of 1944, that James Forrestal was appointed Navy Secretary and he moved to integrate both the WAVES and the Navy Nurse Corps. The WAVES officially allowed African Americans to enlist on Oct 19, 1944, although the Navy Nurse Corps did not integrate until March 5, 1945.
Harriet Ida Pickens and Frances Wills were the first African American women to enlist in the WAVES and the first African American officers in the WAVES. Both women came from highly educated backgrounds, making them ideal not only as WAVES but also as officers’ candidates. Both had Masters degrees and had worked for several years in their fields before enlisting in the WAVES.
By the end of the war, Pickens and Wills were joined by over 70 other African American women in the WAVES, many they trained themselves at Hunter College. Together, they forged the path for African American women to make their way as mariners in the US Navy.