Epidemiology

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10/06/2023

A Potential Outcomes Approach to Selection Bias

from Kenah, Eben

) and the traditional definition (where a given measure of association differs between the study sample and the population eligible for inclusion). This approach is nonparametric, and selection bias under the approach can be analyzed using single-world intervention graphs both under and away from th...

10/06/2023

Community-Level Risk Factors for Firearm Assault and Homicide: The Role of Local Firearm Dealers and Alcohol Outlets

from Pear, Veronica A.; Wintemute, Garen J.; Jewell, Nicholas P.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Ahern, Jennifer

udy of Californians, January 2005–September 2015, cases comprised all residents with a fatal or nonfatal firearm assault injury. For each month, we sampled controls from the state population in a 4:1 ratio with cases. Exposures were monthly densities of county-level pawn and nonpawn firearm dealer...

10/06/2023

Conditional Poisson Regression with Random Effects for the Analysis of Multi-site Time Series Studies

from Barrera-Gómez, Jose; Puig, Xavier; Ginebra, Josep; Basagaña, Xavier

rolling for long-term and seasonal trends using temporal strata. When the study includes multiple zones, analysts usually apply a two-stage approach: first, each zone is analyzed separately, and the resulting zone-specific estimates are then combined using meta-analysis. This approach allows zone-sp...

10/06/2023

Effectiveness of Trachomatous Trichiasis Case-identification Approaches in Ethiopia

from Diallo, Alpha Oumar; Bayissasse, Belay; Sisay, Alemayehu; Seyum, Dawit; Weaver, Jerusha; Munoz, Beatriz; Merbs, Shannath L.; Gower, Emily W.

n Ethiopia: community mobilization to encourage self-referral for centralized screening and house-to-house screenings conducted by case finders. We compared the number of true cases found per 1000 population and costs associated with case identification under each approach, stratified by villages th...

10/06/2023

Erratum: “Mindel C. Sheps: Counted, Dead or Alive“

from

An abstract is unavailable.

10/05/2023

Screening for Cancer Precursor Lesions: Assessing the Impact on Cancer Incidence in Randomized Trials

from Weiss, Noel S.; Etzioni, Ruth

An abstract is unavailable.

10/05/2023

Daily Summer Temperatures and Hospitalization for Acute Cardiovascular Events: Impact of Outdoor PM2.5 Oxidative Potential on Observed Associations Across Canada

from Weichenthal, Scott; Lavigne, Eric; You, Hongyu; Pollitt, Krystal; Shin, Tim; Kulka, Ryan; Stieb, Dave M.; Hatzopoulou, Marianne; Evans, Greg; Burnett, Richard T.

nducted a case–crossover study of hospitalization for cardiovascular events in 35 cities across Canada during the summer months (July–September) between 2016 and 2018. We collected three different metrics of PM2.5 oxidative potential each month in each location. We estimated associations between...

10/05/2023

High Summer Temperatures and Heat Stroke Mortality in Spain

from Tobías, Aurelio; Madaniyazi, Lina; Gasparrini, Antonio; Armstrong, Ben

up period. Methods: We used a space-time-stratified case–crossover design. We analyzed data using conditional quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lag nonlinear models. Results: Spain recorded a total of 285 heat stroke deaths between 1990 and 2016. Heat stroke deaths occurred in 6% of the da...

10/05/2023

Comparative Effectiveness of Dynamic Treatment Strategies for Medication Use and Dosage: Emulating a Target Trial Using Observational Data

from Birnie, Kate; Tomson, Charles; Caskey, Fergus J.; Ben-Shlomo, Yoav; Nitsch, Dorothea; Casula, Anna; Murray, Eleanor J.; Sterne, Jonathan A. C.

r time-varying confounders. However, IP weights for continuous treatments may be sensitive to model choice. Methods: We describe a target trial comparing strategies for treating anemia with darbepoetin in hemodialysis patients using EHR data from the UK Renal Registry 2004 to 2016. Patients received...

10/05/2023

Ambient Air Quality and Fatal Asthma Exacerbations among Children in North Carolina

from Mirabelli, Maria C.; Flanders, W. Dana; Vaidyanathan, Ambarish; Beavers, Daniel P.; Gower, W. Adam

death. We linked information about each death with county-level estimates of particulate matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3). Using the linked data, we conducted a case–crossover analysis of associations between PM2.5 and O3 lagged by 3–5 days with the odds of fatal asthma exacerbations. Re...

10/04/2023

Negative-Control Exposures: Adjusting for Unmeasured and Measured Confounders With Bounds for Remaining Bias

from Flanders, W. Dana

bcohort wherein the U-distribution among the exposed is similar to that among the unexposed. Here, we show that conventional methods can be used to control for measured confounders in conjunction with the new method to control for unmeasured ones. We also derive an expression for bias that remains a...

10/04/2023

Data Movies: A Tool for Public Health

from Zalla, Lauren C.; Edwards, Jessie K.; Rudolph, Jacqueline E.; Mulholland, Grace E.; Cole, Stephen R.

An abstract is unavailable.

10/04/2023

Identifying Optimal Methods for Addressing Confounding Bias When Estimating the Effects of State-level Policies

from Griffin, Beth Ann; Schuler, Megan S.; Stone, Elizabeth M.; Patrick, Stephen W.; Stein, Bradley D.; Nascimento de Lima, Pedro; Griswold, Max; Scherling, Adam; Stuart, Elizabeth A.

osely examined. Methods: We conducted a simulation study to examine how differing magnitudes of confounding affected the performance of 4 methods used for policy evaluations: (1) the two-way fixed effects difference-in-differences model; (2) a 1-period lagged autoregressive model; (3) augmented synt...

10/04/2023

Massachusetts Prevalence of Opioid Use Disorder Estimation Revisited: Comparing a Bayesian Approach to Standard Capture–Recapture Methods

from Wang, Jianing; Doogan, Nathan; Thompson, Katherine; Bernson, Dana; Feaster, Daniel; Villani, Jennifer; Chandler, Redonna; White, Laura F.; Kline, David; Barocas, Joshua A.

o the success of treatment and resource planning. Various indirect estimation approaches have been used but are subject to data availability and infrastructure-related issues. Methods: We used 2015 data from the Massachusetts Public Health Data Warehouse (PHD) to compare the results of two approache...

10/04/2023

Rigorous Descriptive Epidemiology for Health Justice

from Lesko, Catherine R.; Zalla, Lauren C.

An abstract is unavailable.

10/03/2023

Balancing Empirical Trade-offs When Evaluating US Gun Policy

from Sharkey, Patrick; Kang, Megan

An abstract is unavailable.

10/03/2023

A Quantitative Intersectionality Analysis of HIV/STI Prevention and Healthcare Access Among Transgender and Nonbinary People

from Tordoff, Diana M.; Fernandez, Atlas; Perry, Nicole Lynn; Heberling, William B.; Minalga, Brian; Khosropour, Christine M.; Glick, Sara N.; Barbee, Lindley A.; Duerr, Ann; the Seattle Trans and Non-binary Sexual Health (STARS) Advisory Board

e prophylaxis use among transgender and nonbinary people living in Washington State by race and ethnicity and gender. Methods: We pooled data from five 2019–2021 Washington State HIV/STI surveillance data sources to obtain a large and diverse sample of 1648 transgender and nonbinary participants. ...

10/03/2023

The Era of Progress on Gun Mortality: State Gun Regulations and Gun Deaths from 1991 to 2016

from Sharkey, Patrick; Kang, Megan

more restrictive gun laws. Over this period, the United States experienced a decline in household gun ownership, and gun-related deaths fell sharply. Methods: The main analysis examines the conditional association between the change in gun regulations at the state level and the change in gun mortali...

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