Paddy Kalish OD

07/21/2025

Identifying the correct uveitis type can help reveal underlying systemic infections, neoplastic conditions, and other systemic illnesses.

07/14/2025

This case report describes a diagnosis of inverted hyperoleon in a patient who underwent retinal detachment repair using high-molecular-weight silicone oil.

07/10/2025

07/05/2025

What’s the Name of this Syndrome?

06/20/2025

06/16/2025

Medical professionals can guide families through sleep changes, agitation, and respiratory shifts that signal the patient’s final hours.

06/02/2025

05/30/2025

CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION(CRAO) is an ophthalmologic emergency that occurs when the central retinal artery, the main blood vessel supplying the retina, becomes blocked. This results in sudden, painless vision loss in one eye.

🔍 ETIOLOGY (Causes)
★Embolism: Most common cause (from carotid artery or heart)
★Thrombosis
★Giant cell arteritis (in older adults)
★Hypercoagulable states
★Vasculitis (e.g., lupus)
★Trauma or iatrogenic causes (e.g., ocular surgery)

🧠 RISK FACTORS
★Atherosclerosis
★Hypertension
★Diabetes mellitus
★Carotid artery disease
★Cardiac disease (e.g., atrial fibrillation)
Smoking
★Hyperlipidemia

⚠️ CLINICAL FEATURES
★Sudden, painless monocular vision loss
★Afferent pupillary defect (Marcus Gunn pupil)
★Visual acuity often reduced to counting fingers or worse

🔬 FUNDOSCOPIC FINDINGS
★Retina appears pale and swollen
★Cherry-red spot at the fovea (due to preserved choroidal circulation)
★Boxcar segmentation of blood in arteries (sluggish flow)
★Attenuated arterioles

🧪 INVESTIGATIONS
★Ophthalmoscopy
★Fluorescein angiography
★ESR and CRP (to rule out giant cell arteritis)
★Carotid Doppler ultrasound
★Echocardiogram
★ECG
★Blood glucose, lipid profile, coagulation studies

🚑 MANAGEMENT (Emergency)
★Immediate action may help restore vision if done within 90–120 minutes, though prognosis is often poor.
★Ocular massage (to dislodge embolus)
★Anterior chamber paracentesis
Inhalation of carbogen (5% CO₂, 95% O₂)
★IOP-lowering agents: Acetazolamide, timolol, mannitol
★Hyperbaric oxygen (if available)
★Treat underlying systemic causes

🧾 Long-term Management
★Identify and treat underlying vascular or embolic sources
★Manage cardiovascular risk factors
★Antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy as indicated
★Referral to cardiology and neurology
★Low vision rehabilitation if vision does not recover

📉 PROGNOSIS
★Poor in most cases
★Visual recovery depends on time to treatment and degree of collateral circulation
★Permanent vision loss is common if not treated promptly

03/22/2025

Patients with amaurosis fugax have a higher risk of stroke, retinal artery occlusion, transient ischemic attack, and carotid stenosis within 12 months compared to matched controls. https://ja.ma/4iOuFMK

03/21/2025

Science Fiction: Marslings, Children of MARS

03/13/2025

Individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD), both active and prior cases, have a higher prevalence of ocular surface disease (OSD) symptoms, worse self-rated vision, and poorer overall health compared with those who have never had AD, according to study results published in Dermatitis.

Read here: https://bit.ly/4kIx90B