10/20/2025
Micronutrients and cellular energy production
This diagram maps how vitamins and minerals act as cofactors through every major energy pathway, linking protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism into a single biochemical network that fuels life.
1️⃣ From food to fuel
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats all converge at acetyl-CoA, the metabolic hub that feeds the mitochondria.
🟢 Example: Vitamin B1 (thiamine) converts glucose into pyruvate and then acetyl-CoA, while lipoic acid and magnesium enable that transition. Without these, energy stalls before reaching the mitochondria.
2️⃣ Beta oxidation and fatty acids
Fats enter through beta-oxidation, breaking into acetyl-CoA units with help from vitamins B2, B3, B5, and carnitine.
🟢 Example: Carnitine shuttles long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria—deficiency impairs fat burning and endurance.
3️⃣ Amino acids and the urea cycle
Amino acids feed into energy metabolism via the urea cycle, requiring vitamins B5, B6, magnesium, and potassium to detoxify ammonia while generating intermediates for the Krebs cycle.
🟢 Example: Low B6 limits amino acid breakdown and raises ammonia levels, causing fatigue and brain fog.
4️⃣ The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
Once acetyl-CoA enters the mitochondria, it spins through the Krebs cycle, producing NADH and FADH₂ for ATP synthesis. Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5—plus iron, magnesium, and manganese—are essential for each enzymatic step.
🟢 Example: Niacin (B3) and riboflavin (B2) generate electron carriers that ultimately produce over 90% of the cell’s usable energy.
5️⃣ The electron transport chain
NADH and FADH₂ deliver electrons to the electron transport chain, where oxygen and coenzymes drive ATP synthesis.
🟢 Example: CoQ10, vitamin C, zinc, iron, and copper enable this redox cascade; deficiency reduces mitochondrial efficiency and increases oxidative stress.
6️⃣ Antioxidant protection and feedback
Iron, cysteine, and glutathione maintain redox balance, preventing electron leakage that can damage mitochondrial membranes.
🟢 Example: Magnesium stabilizes ATP and mitochondrial membranes, while glutathione—supported by B2 and cysteine—neutralizes free radicals produced during respiration.
Micronutrients are not optional—they are the gears of metabolism. Each B-vitamin, mineral, and cofactor serves as an enzyme’s ignition key, turning food into ATP and keeping the mitochondrial engine running clean and efficiently.
— Dr William Walliace