Exercise Professional Education

Exercise Professional Education Elevate your clients’ fitness training with our certified muscle system courses.

09/23/2025

Research: Olfactory function and motor function relationship? Apparently so…

“Abstract

Background: Among older adults, both olfaction and motor function predict future cognitive decline and dementia, suggesting potential shared causal pathways. However, it is not known whether olfactory and motor function are independently related in late life.

Methods: We assessed cross-sectional associations of olfaction with motor and cognitive function, using concurrent data on olfactory function, mobility, balance, fine motor function, manual dexterity, and cognition in 163 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants aged 60 and older without common neurological diseases (n = 114 with available cognitive data). Using multiple linear regression, we adjusted for age, s*x, race, smoking history, height, and weight for mobility and balance, and education for cognition. We used multiple linear regression to test whether olfaction-motor associations were independent of cognition and depressive symptoms.

Results: Olfactory scores were significantly associated with mobility (usual gait speed, rapid gait speed, 400-m walk time, and Health ABC Physical Performance Battery score), balance, fine motor function, and manual dexterity (all p < .05). In those with available cognitive data, additional adjustment for depressive symptoms, verbal memory, or visuoperceptual speed demonstrated especially strong independent relationships with challenging motor tasks such as 400-m walk and nondominant hand manual dexterity (p < .005)

Conclusions: This study demonstrates for the first time that, in older adults, olfactory function is associated with mobility, balance, fine motor function, and manual dexterity, and independent of cognitive function, with challenging upper and lower extremity motor function tasks. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if olfactory performance predicts future mobility and functional decline.”

Tian Q, Resnick SM, Studenski SA. Olfaction Is Related to Motor Function in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Aug 1;72(8):1067-1071. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw222. PMID: 27811155; PMCID: PMC5861968.

09/16/2025

Interesting article: Scapular kinematics and task specificity: The effect of load direction

“Abstract
Our current understanding of healthy scapula motion is mainly based on studying the shoulder when it is generating an abduction torque against gravity. However, the shoulder can perform diverse tasks beyond abduction. In particular, little attention has been given to how scapula motion contributes to concentric adduction despite its involvement in high-demand tasks such as rock climbing and wheelchair transfers. Investigating scapular kinematics during concentrically loaded arm-lowering can provide insight into the mechanical demands underlying healthy scapula motion. In this study, we combined biplanar videoradiography and optical motion capture with a controllable cable machine to compare the three- dimensional humerothoracic, glenohumeral, and scapulothoracic kinematics between a weighted pull-down task (involving concentric shoulder adduction) and a weighted press-up task (involving concentric shoulder abduction) in ten healthy adults. We observed significantly more scapulothoracic upward rotation and less glenohumeral abduction during concentric adduction than concentric abduction. Our findings indicate that scapula upward rotation is not simply a function of overall humerothoracic elevation, but instead varies in a load-specific manner – potentially to orient the glenoid in a way that facilitates glenohumeral joint stability. We also observed substantial inter-individual variability in scapular kinematics within a task, and in how individuals responded to the different tasks. Our findings help provide a more well-rounded understanding of healthy scapular kinematics such that we can better identify and treat unhealthy motion (i.e., dyskinesis). Our findings can also inform musculoskeletal models that simulate scapulothoracic kinematics.”

E.C.S. Lee, N.M. Young, R.L. Lawrence, M.J. Rainbow, Scapular kinematics and task specificity: The effect of load direction, Journal of Biomechanics (2025), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech. 2025.112932

09/02/2025

Individuals with chronic low back pain have reduced myofascial force transmission between the latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus muscles

“Abstract
The thoracolumbar fascia is essential in lumbar stabilization and is considered a path of transmitting myofascial force. This study investigates whether there is a difference in the myofascial force transmission between latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus in individuals with and without chronic low back pain (CLBP). Forty-eight individuals were divided into CLBP and control groups. Outcome variables were evaluated in two experimental conditions: relaxed and contracted latissimus dorsi. Lumbar stiffness was assessed using a non-invasive digital indentometer, and passive properties of the contralateral hip (resting position, torque and stiffness) were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. Trunk and hip muscle activation was monitored with electromyography. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Latissimus dorsi contraction increased lumbar stiffness in both groups (p < 0.001) compared to the relaxed condition. However, only the control group showed a change in the hip resting position toward greater lateral rotation and an increase in passive hip torque with latissimus dorsi contraction compared to the relaxed condition (p < 0.001). Additionally, latissimus dorsi contraction led to a small and clinically non-relevant increase in passive hip stiffness (below the standard error of measurement) in both groups when compared to the relaxed condition. The results demonstrated that the myofascial force transmission between latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus is reduced in individuals with CLBP, since the latissimus dorsi contraction changed the passive properties only in the adjacent tissues (lumbar region) but not in tissues more distant from the origin of the traction.”

Paula R Soares Procópio, Rafael Zambelli Pinto, Bárbara A Junqueira Murta, Paola Figueiredo Caldeira, Priscila Albuquerque Araújo, Robert Schleip, Sérgio Teixeira Fonseca, Renan Alves Resende, Juliana Melo Ocarino, Individuals with chronic low back pain have reduced myofascial force transmission between latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus muscles,
Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 190, 2025, 112850, SSN 0021-9290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112850.

08/26/2025

Reliability of cervicocephalic sense of force and position..

"Abstract

Cervicocephalic proprioception (CCP) is an important assessment item for people with a range of clinical conditions, where reduced CCP is associated with neck pain and imbalance. Reliability has been established for a range of positional and movements tests, but there is limited data regarding sense of force, particularly across three planes of movement. The current test–retest study assessed reliability when evaluating sense of force in healthy adults (8 males, 6 females, mean age 31.50 years [SD 10.14]) over two sessions, 4–7 days apart. A force matching protocol was used to evaluate reliability of absolute error (AE), constant error (CE), and variable error (VE) for 10 % and 25 % maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) target forces for flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. Participants were strapped to a chair to limit trunk movement and data was captured using a compressive force transducer fixed to an adjustable wall mount. Six trials were performed for each contraction-type, totaling 72 submaximal MVCs per session. ICC estimates for AE (0.15 – 0.77), CE (0.01 – 0.85), and VE (0.00 – 0.83) were varied and confidence intervals were mostly wide. Considering lower limits of confidence intervals, CE had best reliability values generally, but more specifically the most reliable contraction type and movement was 25 % MVC flexion (ICC 0.85, confidence interval 0.54–0.95). This study found that reliability for sense of force testing was dependent upon contraction, type of error, and target force utilized. Further reliability analysis should be performed when applying this test to measure validity outcomes in clinical populations.

Introduction

Proprioception is the sum of three sub modalities: sense of position, movement and force (Riemann and Lephart, 2002). Each sub modality is derived from different physiology and contribute uniquely to overall proprioception (Proske and Gandevia, 2012). Muscle spindles respond to muscle length changes and contribute to sense of movement and position (Proske, 2005). In comparison, the Golgi-tendon organs are activated with muscle tension and assist with sense of force (Prochazka, 2021).
There is an increased density of proprioceptors in the head and neck region compared to the limbs (Liu et al., 2003). Cervicocephalic proprioception (CCP) is integrated with visual and vestibular systems to provide stable gaze, assist with balance, and facilitate coordinated movement (Röijezon et al., 2015). Head repositioning and head tracking tests are used to assess sense of position and sense of movement, respectively (Röijezon et al., 2015). There are low correlations between proprioceptive tests (Swait et al., 2007), indicating that disturbances in sense of position do not always accompany impairments in sense of movement or force. There is also low correlation between movements in different directions (e.g. flexion versus rotation) (Swait et al., 2007), emphasising the need to assess proprioception across all sub modalities and movements.

Good reliability is the first prerequisite for clinical outcome measures, indicating the measure is consistent (Portney and Watkins, 2009). Reliable tests enable confidence in their conclusions when applied to questions of validity, such as evaluating differences between groups (Portney and Watkins, 2009). Most CCP reliability studies have focussed on sense of position (English et al., 2022) and multiple studies have also investigated sense of movement (Kramer et al., 2009, Kristjansson et al., 2001, Kristjansson et al., 2004, Werner et al., 2018). The reliability of force-matching protocols has been investigated for the shoulder (Dover and Powers, 2003), hip (Benjaminse et al., 2009), fingers (Li et al., 2020), and ankle (Deshpande et al., 2003), but there is limited data regarding cervicocephalic sense of force (English et al., 2022). One study demonstrated good reliability (ICC 0.99) of a force-matching protocol in healthy controls (n = 10), although only sagittal plane movements (flexion/extension) were assessed (Popovich Jr et al., 2015). Another study compared sense of force between people with and without neck pain, but reliability was not examined and the device only captured the maximal reading for each contraction (limiting the ability to correct for overshooting) (Li et al., 2019).

A multitude of impairments have been associated with non-specific neck pain including reduced sense of position (Stanton et al., 2016), sense of movement (Kristjansson and Oddsdottir, 2010), cervical strength and motor control (Lemeunier et al., 2020). There is also evidence that cervicocephalic sense of position is impaired in people with whiplash associated disorders (de Vries et al., 2015) and imbalance (Reddy et al., 2023). In contrast, the lack of studies on cervicocephalic sense of force means the nature of potential force sense disturbance in clinical populations are not well understood and require further investigation. However, the first step is to establish the reliability of the cervicocephalic force-matching protocol. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate test–retest reliability of a cervicocephalic force-matching test across six directions in a healthy population.

Daniel J. English, Nivan Weerakkody, Anita Zacharias, Rodney A. Green, Tegan French, Cassandra Hocking, Marcos de Noronha, Rodrigo Rico Bini, Reliability of cervicocephalic sense of force,
Journal of Biomechanics, 2024, 112261, ISSN 0021-9290,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112261.

08/19/2025

Effects of exercise intensity on shear modulus in regional lateral abdominal muscles during the abdominal draw-in maneuver.

(Transverse Abdominis Contraction)

"Abstract
The abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) is designed to enhance neuromuscular function of the transversus abdominis (TrA) by distinguishing its activation from the internal oblique (IO) and external oblique (EO). However, a standardized implementation method has not yet been established, and previous studies have not quantitatively defined ADIM exercise intensity or examined regional muscle activation patterns. The lateral abdominal muscles have multiple anatomical attachment sites, suggesting region-specific functional differences. Therefore, identifying the optimal exercise intensity for ADIM requires a regional approach. This study investigated the effects of exercise intensity—defined as a length change in abdominal circumference—on the shear modulus in different regions of the lateral abdominal muscles. Twenty healthy young male participants were included in this study. Five exercise intensity levels (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %) were established based on the change in length between the abdominal circumference at resting expiration (0 %) and during ADIM retraction of the abdomen with maximum effort (100 %). The shear modulus of the TrA, IO, and EO were measured using shear wave elastography (TrA: upper, middle, lower; IO: middle, lower; EO: upper, middle). The shear modulus of the upper, middle, and lower TrA and lower IO increased progressively from 25 % to 100 % (p < 0.05). The middle IO and upper and middle EO increased from 75 % to 100 % (p < 0.05), but not from 0 % to 50 %. This finding suggested that the optimal ADIM exercise intensity is between 25 % and 50 % when the TrA and lower IO are selectively activated.

Introduction
The transversus abdominis (TrA) is the deepest of the lateral abdominal muscles and runs transversely across the abdomen. It stabilizes the lumbar spine by increasing tension in the thoracolumbar fascia (Barker et al., 2004, Barker et al., 2006) and enhancing intra-abdominal pressure by decreasing abdominal circumference (Cresswell et al., 1992, Hodges et al., 2005). Additionally, the TrA is the first trunk muscle to activate, preceding limb movement (Hodges and Richardson, 1997, Hodges and Richardson, 1999). These findings suggest that the TrA plays a crucial role in force transmission to the limbs and smooth motor control through trunk stabilization. Furthermore, the lateral abdominal muscles, including the TrA, are categorized into upper, middle, and lower regions based on differences in anatomical attachment sites and morphology (Urquhart et al., 2005a), nerve innervation (Sakamoto et al., 1996), and activity patterns (Urquhart et al., 2005b, Urquhart et al., 2005c, Urquhart and Hodges, 2005d). Therefore, each region could perform distinct functions.

Several studies have reported that lateral abdominal muscle activity patterns differ between individuals with low back pain (LBP) and healthy individuals. Specifically, LBP is associated with delayed neuromuscular onset of the TrA (Hodges and Richardson, 1996, Hodges and Richardson, 1998) and a compensatory increase in internal oblique (IO) and external oblique (EO) activity (Ehsani et al., 2016, Hides et al., 2009) compared to those of healthy individuals. These changes appear to be characteristics of LBP, highlighting the importance of exercises that enhance TrA neuromuscular function. The abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) is a commonly used exercise in clinical practice that involves retracting the abdomen during exhalation. It is designed to facilitate neuromuscular re-education by selectively activating the TrA. A study that examined the immediate effects of ADIM found that the TrA is engaged with minimal IO and EO activation when the abdomen is lightly retracted (Urquhart et al., 2005b). Additionally, ADIM improves TrA neuromuscular onset timing compared to exercises involving whole-trunk muscle activity (Tsao and Hodges, 2007), and this improvement persists over the long-term (Tsao and Hodges, 2008). These findings suggest that ADIM is an effective method of improving TrA neuromuscular function.

A consensus regarding a standardized implementation method of ADIM has not yet been reached; however, efforts have been made to establish an effective implementation method. Recently, Morito et al. (2022) reported that lateral abdominal muscle activity varies depending on the intensity of abdominal retraction performed according to different verbal instructions (Morito et al., 2022), highlighting the need to determine the optimal exercise intensity for ADIM that selectively activates the TrA and minimizes IO and EO involvement. However, many previous studies of ADIM did not specify exercise intensity (Hubley-Kozey and Vezina, 2002, Lee et al., 2020). Shimizu et al. (2019) investigated the effects of exercise intensity for ADIM, which was defined as a length change in abdominal circumference, on the shear modulus of the lateral abdominal muscles (Shimizu et al., 2019). Shear modulus is an index of tissue stiffness determined using elastography and has the advantage of enabling non-invasive evaluations of deep muscles compared to EMG.

Additionally, several previous studies have reported a strong correlation between the shear modulus measured using shear wave elastography and muscle force (Ateş et al., 2015, Bouillard et al., 2011). Their findings showed that the shear modulus of both the TrA and IO increased even at low intensity, contradicting a previous study that reported selective TrA activation at low intensity (Urquhart et al., 2005b). However, the present study evaluated the shear modulus of the TrA and IO only in the lower region and the EO only in the middle region (Shimizu et al., 2019). Because the lateral abdominal muscles are structurally divided into upper, middle, and lower regions that each have potentially distinct functions, evaluating only a single region is insufficient to determine the optimal exercise intensity for ADIM. This study had two primary objectives. First, it aimed to investigate the effects of exercise intensity for ADIM, which was defined as a length change in abdominal circumference (a clinically measurable parameter), on the shear modulus of each lateral abdominal muscle region. Second, it sought to clarify the optimal exercise intensity for ADIM based on regional differences using a length change in abdominal circumference as an index. We hypothesized that the TrA and lower IO, which have muscle fiber orientations that are approximately horizontal (Urquhart et al., 2005a), would exhibit changes different from those of the other regions of the IO and EO in terms of their contributions to decrease in abdominal circumference.”

Kazuyoshi Kozawa, Gakuto Nakao, Ginji Nara, Risa Adachi, Koki Ishiyama, Keita Sekiguchi, Tsuyoshi Morito, Koji Kaneoka, Keigo Taniguchi, Effects of exercise intensity on shear modulus in regional lateral abdominal muscles during the abdominal draw-in maneuver, Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 190, 2025, 112867, ISSN 0021-9290,

08/12/2025

Muscle swelling post-resistance exercise...

"Conclusions
Some fitness influencers deny that post-workout muscle swelling occurs in trained lifters. This denial is necessary to protect the belief that very high volume training programs cause more hypertrophy than low and moderate volume training programs (rather than just causing more muscle swelling). Muscle swelling is caused by the inflammatory and/or oxidative responses to muscle damage, and muscle damage is a primary component of post-workout fatigue. Thus, it would be strange to observe muscle damage and post-workout fatigue in trained lifters but not muscle swelling. Moreover, we would naturally expect higher volume training programs to cause more muscle swelling because they cause more muscle damage. Studies have confirmed that [1] muscle damage, [2] post-workout fatigue, and [3] muscle swelling all occur in trained lifters. Muscle swelling at 72 hours post-workout (when many hypertrophy studies record post-training measures of muscle size) is rarely significant but numerically is always between 2-8% which is enough to account for much of the 5-10% increases in muscle size customarily recorded in training studies including trained lifters. Significance is probably not reached in such studies because power analyses are not set up to find changes of this magnitude. And, when bioelectrical impedance is used to estimate increases in water content after high-volume strength training programs in trained lifters, the increases in water content account for most of the increases in muscle size."

Muscle swelling in trained lifters, Chris Beardsley bingo@patreon.com, Aug 11, 2025.

08/05/2025

Partial range of motion training elicits favorable improvements in muscular adaptations when carried out at long muscle lengths

“Abstract
The study compared changes in strength and regional muscle hypertrophy between different ranges of motion (ROM) in the knee extension exercise. Forty-five untrained women were randomized to either a control group or to perform the exercise in one of the following 4 groups (0o=extended knee): Full ROM (FULLROM: 100o-30o of knee flexion); Initial Partial ROM (INITIALROM: 100o-65o); Final Partial ROM (FINALROM: 65o-30o); Varied ROM (VARROM: daily alternation between the ROM of INITIALROM and FINALROM). Pre- and post-training assessments included one repetition maximum (1RM) testing in the ROM corresponding to the initial, final and full ROM, and measurement of cross-sectional areas of the re**us femoris and vastus lateralis muscles at 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of femur length in regard to regional muscle hypertrophy. Results showed that the INITIALROM group presented a greater relative increase than all groups at 70%, and at 50% and 60% the increases were greater than FINALROM, FULLROM, and non-training control (CON) groups. Moreover, FINALROM group presented similar changes compared to the CON group at 60% and 70%. In regard to 1RM, FINALROM and INITIALROM groups presented greater relative increases at the ROM trained, and no group showed greater increases than VARROM or INITIALROM, regardless the ROM tested. In conclusion, partial ROM training in the initial phase of the knee extension exercise promoted greater relative hypertrophy in certain muscle regions than training in other ROM configurations, and no group promoted a greater 1RM increase than VARROM group, which showed similar 1RM increases in the different ROMs tested.”

Gustavo F. Pedrosa, Fernando V. Lima, Brad J. Schoenfeld, Lucas T. Lacerda, Marina G. Simões, Mariano R. Pereira, Rodrigo C.R. Diniz & Mauro H. Chagas (2021): Partial range of motion training elicits favorable improvements in muscular adaptations when carried out at long muscle lengths, European Journal of Sport Science, DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1927199

07/29/2025

How do you define stability?

The Muscle System Specialist constructs the conditions for observing - and builds the assessment, improvement, and maintenance of - motor control as it relates to the creation of a body’s response to external perturbation at a defined bodily orientation and/or a plane of motion (under conditions) within the following definition of stability:

“The equilibrium of a body is stable if the forces or moments acting on it cause a small deviation from the position of equilibrium to be decreased; the equilibrium is unstable if the forces and moments tend to increase a small deviation from that position; the equilibrium is indifferent if the body remains in equilibrium in positions deviating on either side from the position of equilibrium. From this definition, we see that stability cannot be judged in the equilibrium position itself and that the behavior of the system in a deviated position must be studied before conclusions can be drawn.”
Hartog, J.P., “Mechanics”, 1961, page 152

07/15/2025

Adhesions and Scar Tissue can certainly cause some issues for the exerciser...

"Approximately 1 in 14 hospital readmissions following abdominal surgery are due to adhesion-related problems (Parker et al., 2001). Every time tissue undergoes trauma, as in the case of abdominal surgery and laparoscopic adhesiolysis to remove adhesions, scar tissue forms. Adhesive scar tissue develops when the layers of tissue do not heal separately but ‘stick’ together causing decreased tissue elasticity, protective postural patterns, changes in proprioceptive input, altered neurovascular activity and complications including pain syndromes (Kobesova et al., 2007)."

Ryan C. Kelly, Michelle Armstrong, Alyssa Bensky, Abigail Foti, Jennifer B. Wasserman, Soft tissue mobilization techniques in treating chronic abdominal scar tissue: A quasi-experimental single subject design, Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Volume 23, Issue 4, 2019, Pages 805-814,
ISSN 1360-8592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.04.010.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859219301238)

A great weekend of problem solving in the office this weekend! We had our good friends/colleagues in from Toronto to fo...
07/13/2025

A great weekend of problem solving in the office this weekend!

We had our good friends/colleagues in from Toronto to focus on their practical skills & continue to learn how to solve problems the right way!

07/09/2025

When interpreting your assessment data, don't forget to keep laterality in mind!

"The “10% rule” of handedness asserts the dominant hand is 10% stronger than the non-dominant hand. Primarily derived from handgrip data, it is unclear if a generalized asymmetry exists across the upper limb. Understanding how strength asymmetry may be affected by handedness, s*x, and exertion type has important implications for ergonomics design, sports performance, and clinical rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to systematically synthesize currently available evidence examining upper limb strength asymmetry. 10,061 results were retrieved, and 174 studies remained after title/abstract screening. 87 studies were synthesized. Results are compiled by exertion type and manner of asymmetry comparison (i.e. right/left, dominant/non-dominant). Asymmetry ratios were calculated to examine the effects of handedness, exertion side, arm region, and s*x. Strength differences were most frequently reported for grip exertions (n = 49). 25 studies reported other joint strength asymmetries. Overall, the right limb was 6.7% stronger than the left limb (n = 9342) and the dominant limb was 11.6% stronger than the non-dominant limb (n = 9327), though strength asymmetry varied across joints and movements (2.1% to 19.5%). This research demonstrates that the 10% rule is a good approximation for upper limb strength asymmetry. However, several factors, including joint, movement type, and s*x, can affect this relationship."

A comprehensive scoping review and meta-analysis of upper limb strength asymmetry
Ryan C. A. Foley, Danny H. Callaghan, Garrick N. Forman, Jeffrey D. Graham
Michael W. R. Holmes & Nicholas J. La Delfa

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Why I started Exercise Professional Education

When looking at the landscape of ​​​the exercise industry Greg realized that something was missing. The continuing education offered was a hodge-podge of information promoting the latest technique to "release" this or "functionalize" that. It appeared like a tumultuous sea of competing philosophies and disconnected notions of how exercise should be done. There wasn't a complete system of practice that addressed the entire continuum. From how to handle the first contact with a potential client, to collecting relevant information about where to even begin an exercise process (let alone deciding if you should), to integrating the marketing and communication to the medical community, and ethically and rationally building a long-term professional relationship with a client coaching them across their lifespan in regards to exercise and wellness programming.

The course work offered by Exercise Professional Education and the Muscle System Specialist program is just that.

The philosophical basis for the course content is unique and does not follow the mainstream views of working with the body like what we refer to as the "fabric paradigm". (This paradigm sees the body as a material akin to "play dough" or "silly puddy" that needs to kneaded, stretched, and smashed in order to make it work and feel better). Nor does the course content proselytize the body-view of "functionalism" and all its pseudo-religious denominations. (This paradigm posits that exercise should always mimic or reflect the natural way the body moves - whatever that means - and activities of daily living, and that in order to be effective an exercise must involve the whole body simultaneously during an exercise, decrying "isolation" and "those stupid machines like the seated knee extension and the seated shoulder press".

The material is suited for personal trainers, strength and conditioning coaches, physical therapists, occupational therapists, performance enhancement specialists, and exercise physiologists. Any exercise professional that wants to think in a new complex systems and informatics way, and use an expanded view of exercise to improve client health and wellness, will benefit from this material.