08/10/2025
Trauma from disasters affects more than just those directly in harm’s way.
According to the Chonnam Medical Journal (2020), people experience trauma at different levels based on their exposure:
- Primary Victims – Those directly impacted: survivors, local responders, and residents in the trauma zone.
- Secondary Victims – People indirectly affected, such as close community members or responders who weren’t in the immediate area.
- Tertiary Victims – Those connected by location (nearby) or by emotional ties (psychological proximity), even if they weren't physically present.
Understanding these layers helps communities respond with care and compassion—because trauma doesn't follow simple boundaries.
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