06/15/2025
Why is medical waste such a big deal?
đ§ž EPA & Federal Regulatory Framework
⢠1988 Medical Waste Tracking Act (MWTA)
Enacted in response to syringeâwashed beaches in 1987â88 .
Defined âmedical wasteâ and mandated cradleâtoâgrave tracking (from generator to disposal) for designated infectious materials.
Set standards for segregation, packaging, labeling, storage, recordâkeeping, and penalties.
Pilot program ran from June 1989 to June 1991 in NY, NJ, CT, RI, and Puerto Rico .
⢠Postâ1991 Framework
MWTA expired; primary regulatory authority shifted to state environmental and health agencies .
EPA no longer directly regulates medical waste, but states have adopted varying regulations often modeled on MWTA .
EPA still regulates via RCRA for hazardous materials as a subset of medical waste, under cradleâtoâgrave controls (Subtitle J) .
⢠MultipleâAgency Oversight
OSHA: Safe handling, sharps containers, labeling, training (Bloodborne Pathogens Standard) .
DOT: Transportation rules classify medical waste as âhazardous materialâ .
CDC & FDA: Provide infectionâcontrol guidelines; FDA oversees some treatment tech (e.g., with chemicals under FIFRA) .
EPA Air Quality Office: Standards for emissions from medical waste incinerators (Hospital Medical Infectious Waste Incinerator standards, updated 2013) .
âď¸ Treatment & Disposal Requirements
Sharps must be segregated, packaged, labeled, and treated to eliminate infection risk. Improper disposal endangers waste handlers and the environment .
Treatment technologies: Include incineration, autoclaving, microwave sterilization, electropyrolysis, chemicalâmechanical systems. Many states require certification or licensing of treatment units .
After treatment, decontaminated waste can be landfilled as solid waste, following state and local rules.