05/02/2026
Between the 1930s and 1970s, over 60,000 Black women across the United States were sterilized without their knowledge or consent.
They went in for appendectomies. For childbirth. For routine checkups.
They came out sterile.
Doctors didn't ask. They didn't explain. They just cut. Tied tubes. Removed uteruses. Ended bloodlines.
In the South, it was so common they called it the "Mississippi appendectomy." In California, it was policy. In North Carolina, it was law.
These weren't rogue surgeries. This was systemic. State-funded. Approved by eugenics boards that decided who deserved to reproduce and who didn't.
Black women. Poor women. Women labeled "feebleminded" or "unfit." Women who had too many children. Women who had none. It didn't matter.
The goal was control. Population control. Racial control. Social control.
Some women didn't find out for years. Only when they tried to have children and couldn't. Only when a doctor casually mentioned a procedure they never agreed to.
Fannie Lou Hamer, the civil rights icon, was one of them. Sterilized in 1961 during surgery to remove a tumor. She called it a "planned genocide."
And she wasn't exaggerating.
By 1970, one-third of Puerto Rican women and tens of thousands of Indigenous and Black women had been sterilized under similar programs.
This wasn't ancient history. Some survivors are still alive today.
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References:
• Dorothy Roberts, Killing the Black Body (1997)
• Fannie Lou Hamer testimony, 1964
• North Carolina eugenics records; Relf v. Weinberger (1974)