08/02/2024
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An apple a day, or perhaps two, really does keep the doctor away. A recent study determined the sustained and acute effects of a red-fleshed apple (RFA), rich in anthocyanins (ACNs), a white-fleshed apple (WFA) without ACNs, and an infusion from Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry, AI) with an equivalent content of ACNs as the red-fleshed apple, on different cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in hypercholesterolaemic patients. A randomised, parallel study was performed for 6 weeks. After the 6 weeks, RFA consumption improved ischaemic reactive hyperaemia and decreased C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 compared to WFA consumption. Moreover, at 6 weeks, AI decreased P-selectin compared to WFA and improved the lipid profile. Although both RFA and AI had a similar ACN content, RFA, by a matrix effect, induced more improvements in inflammation, whereas AI improved the lipid profile.
There is also good clinical evidence that normal apples lower cholesterol. For example, an interesting study found that the intake of whole apples or clear apple juice had contrasting effects on plasma lipids in healthy volunteers
A comprehensive 5 × 4 weeks dietary crossover study was chosen to assess the effects of whole apples (550 g/day), apple pomace (22 g/day), clear and cloudy apple juices (500 mL/day), or no supplement on lipoproteins and blood pressure in a group of 23 healthy volunteers.
Trends towards a lower serum LDL-concentration were observed after whole apple (by 6.7%), pomace (7.9%) and cloudy juice (2.2%) intake. On the other hand, LDL-cholesterol concentrations increased by 6.9% with clear juice compared to whole apples and pomace. There was no effect on HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, weight, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, inflammation (hs-CRP), composition of the gut microbiota or markers of glucose metabolism (insulin, IGF1 and IGFBP3).
The authors suggested that apples are rich in polyphenols and pectin, two potentially bioactive constituents; however, these constituents segregate differently during processing into juice products and clear juice is free of pectin and other cell wall components. They concluded that the fibre component is necessary for the cholesterol-lowering effect of apples in healthy humans and that clear apple juice may not be a suitable surrogate for the whole fruit in nutritional recommendations.
For more information see:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38751340/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23271615/