06/04/2024                                                                            
                                    
                                    
                                                                        
                                        This is one of the coolest human milk facts! 
•An enzyme in human milk interacts with particular compounds in infant saliva to produce hydrogen peroxide and other antibacterial compounds.
•A new in vitro study that mimicked the environment of the human infant mouth during breastfeeding found that human milk and saliva mixtures inhibited bacterial growth for up to 24 hours.
•Interactions between human milk and saliva may influence the establishment of the infant oral and gut bacterial communities.
•In 2015, the researchers reported that infant saliva contained nearly ten times the amount of the compounds xanthine and hypoxanthine as adult saliva. Even more interesting, the transition from infant to adult concentrations started at weaning. 
•All signs pointed to a special function for these compounds while the infant was nursing, leading the team to an amazing, and serendipitous, discovery: the interaction of xanthine and hypoxanthine from infant saliva with the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) from human milk produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other antimicrobial compounds.
•Hydrogen peroxide is used on minor scrapes and cuts to prevent infection. It has similar antimicrobial actions inside the infant mouth as well.
•Each time your baby feeds there is the potential for immediate and prolonged antimicrobial effects, which may be critical in keeping pathogenic organisms from colonizing the infant gut.
•As predicted, there are significant differences in oral microbial communities between formula- and human milk-fed infants. But not all infants receiving human milk receive the XO enzyme, either. Heating and freezing damage the enzyme, meaning that infants drinking pasteurized human milk or milk that has been previously frozen—which is often the case with pumping—will have missed out on the antimicrobial effects of H2O2 and LPO as well. 
•It is not yet known how these infants’ oral microbiomes may differ, if at all, from those receiving fresh milk via breast or bottle. Such a comparison has the potential to tease out how important H2O2 is, among the many ingredients in infant drool, in regulating the types and quantities of microorganisms in the infant mouth and gut.
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