10/09/2022
Great review on fiber!:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221226721631187X
Fiber:
There are three main health benefits: -cholesterol lowering
-improved glycemic control
-normalizing stool form - constipation and diarrhea
In the small bowel, clinically meaningful health benefits (eg, cholesterol lowering and improved glycemic control) are highly correlated with the viscosity of soluble fibers: high viscosity fibers (eg, gel-forming fibers such as b-glucan, psyllium, and raw guar gum) exhibit a significant effect on cholesterol lowering and improved glycemic control, whereas nonviscous soluble fibers (eg, inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and wheat dextrin) and insoluble fibers (eg, wheat bran) do not provide these viscosity-dependent health benefits
In the large bowel, there are only two mechanisms that drive a laxative effect: large/coarse insoluble fiber particles (eg, wheat bran) mechanically irritate the gut mucosa stimulating water and mucous secretion, and the high water-holding capacity of gel-forming soluble fiber (eg, psyllium) resists dehydration.
Soluble fermentable fibers (eg, inulin, fructooligosaccharide, and wheat dextrin) do not provide a laxative effect, and some fibers can be constipating (eg, wheat dextrin and fine/smooth insoluble wheat bran particles)
For lowering cholesterol:
only highly viscous soluble fibers (eg, gel-forming fibers such as b-glucan, psyllium, and raw guar gum) have been shown to exhibit this viscosity-dependent health benefit.
For glycemic control:
improving glycemic control is a viscosity-dependent phenomenon.
improved glycemic control is proportionate to the viscosity of a hydrated fiber (eg, gel-forming raw guar gum, high-molecular-weight b-glucan, and psyllium). Insoluble fiber (eg, wheat bran and cellulose) and soluble nonviscous fibers (eg, inulin, wheat dextrin, polydextrose, soluble corn fiber, and resistant maltodextrin) do not provide these viscosity-dependent health benefits at physiologic doses.
Insoluble fiber:
In studies comparing coarse wheat bran and coarse plastic particles, the observed increase in stool output and the stool softening effect were due to mechanical irritation of the large bowel mucosa (plastic effect), stimulating secretion of water and mucous. Large/coarse particles can provide a significant laxative effect/regularity benefit, whereas fine/smooth particles can have a constipating effect, providing a rationale for why laxative-effect clinical data for insoluble fiber may appear inconsistent.
Soluble fiber:
soluble fermentable fibers do not significantly increase stool output, and therefore do not provide a regularity benefit/laxative effect.
Note:
Fibers that are readily fermented do not remain intact and present throughout the large bowel
Psyllium:
gel-forming psyllium is not fermented in the human gut, so it remains intact and present throughout the large bowel and retains its high water-holding capacity, providing bulky/soft stools that are easy to pass
Enduring misconceptions about the physical effects of fiber in the gut have led to misunderstandings about the health benefits attributable to insolub…