10/02/2017
Gout: What it is and how to treat it
Gout is an inflammatory arthritis caused by an elevated level of Uric acid in the body. The Uric acid forms into crystals that deposit in a joint and cause a painful cascade of inflammation. The body’s defenses try to engulf the crystals, which rupture the cells and cause the release of enzymes into the joint. The enzymes and inflammation process can degrade the cartilage and causes joint destruction
The most common joint affected is the big toe, or metatarsal-phalangeal joint, commonly referred to as a bunion. Gout can affect any joint in the body and can also involve the knee, shoulder, hip, elbow, wrist and fingers. The joint typically becomes warm, swollen and red. People describe terrific pain associated with a gout “flair” that can be relieved by a number of specific medications. Many patients report a family member with gout, often a parent, but new cases often arise without a previous history. Gout is more common in the elderly. Elevated levels of Uric acid can also be responsible for kidney stones, renal damage and other end organ injury.
Elevated levels of Uric acid occur with dehydration, and the intake of foods high in protein. Patient with chronic gout attacks often can pinpoint the food or beverage that brings on an attack. In Maryland, a typical attack is precipitated by a weekend in the sun, drinking alcohol and eating crabs. The combination of sun and alcohol causes dehydration, while seafood and alcohol are high in purines which are broken down into Uric acid and are the cause of gout.
Treatment is directed at lowering the level of Uric acid in your system. Chronic gout can cause extreme joint destruction and require surgery or joint replacement. The initial approach is to increase hydration by drinking lots of water. Uric acid is excreted in urine, so “dilution is the solution to the pollution”. Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) are the first line of medical treatment and treatment as simple as aspirin can increase excretion of Uric acid. A high index of suspicion, family history and elevated level of Uric acid is suggestive of gout. Definitive diagnosis may involve removal of joint fluid and microscopic assessment if the diagnosis is in question. Treatment should be directed by a physician familiar with medications and strategies to lower Uric acid level and prevent Gout attacks.