01/24/2026
Extreme cold causes the body to lose heat faster than it can be produced, triggering survival mechanisms like vasoconstriction (narrowing blood vessels) to protect vital organs. This reduces blood flow to extremities, causing numbness and potential frostbite in minutes. Prolonged exposure leads to hypothermia, which causes severe confusion, slurred speech, and loss of consciousness.
Physiological Effects and Risks Hypothermia: Occurs when core body temperature drops below 95°F characterized by intense shivering, confusion, and exhaustion.
Frostbite: Extreme cold (especially with wind chill) causes tissue damage and freezing, often affecting fingers, toes, ears, and nose, making them turn white or numb.
Cardiovascular Strain: Cold air constricts airways and forces the heart to work harder to maintain core temperature, increasing strain on the cardiovascular system.
Behavioral Changes: Cold-induced impairment of the brain can lead to confusion, apathy, and poor decision-making.
Preventive Measures Layering: Wear multiple layers of clothing to trap body heat, including hats and gloves.
Shelter: Seek shelter promptly when experiencing symptoms like numbness or shivering.
Hydration/Nutrition: Stay hydrated and ensure adequate caloric intake to provide fuel for heat production.
Alcohol/Smoking Avoidance: Avoid alcohol, which can speed up heat loss, and ci******es, which reduce blood circulation.
Treatment if hypothermia or frostbite is suspected, immediately get to a warm, dry area, remove wet clothing, and seek medical attention. Warm the body core (chest, neck, head) first, using blankets or body heat, avoiding direct, intense heat.
