09/15/2025
When you have lymphedema, you are more prone to infections because the lymphatic system, a key part of your immune defense, is compromised. The trapped, protein-rich fluid in the affected area creates an ideal environment for bacteria to thrive, while your immune response is less effective at clearing them out.
The breakdown of immune defenses
Impaired immune cell transport:
The lymphatic system normally transports white blood cells, such as lymphocytes, which are critical for fighting infection, throughout the body. When lymph flow is blocked, these immune cells cannot reach the affected area to mount an effective defense against invading bacteria and pathogens.
Reduced immune response: Research indicates that lymphatic damage impairs both the innate and adaptive immune responses. People with lymphedema may have a reduced ability to produce antibodies in the affected areas, further weakening the body's defense system.
Favorable environment for bacteria: The excess lymph fluid that collects in the tissues is rich in proteins. This stagnant, protein-rich environment is a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and other pathogens.
How lymphedema increases infection risks
Skin damage: The swelling can stretch and thicken the skin, making it more vulnerable to cracks, blisters, and small injuries. These breaks in the skin act as entry points for bacteria, which can lead to serious infections like cellulitis.
Cellulitis: This bacterial infection of the deep skin layers is a common and dangerous complication of lymphedema. If left untreated, cellulitis can rapidly spread, cause further damage to lymphatic vessels, and lead to life-threatening conditions like sepsis.
Chronic inflammation: The chronic fluid buildup triggers an inflammatory response in the affected tissue, which can alter the delicate balance of immune cells and further contribute to immune dysfunction. This can create a "vicious cycle" where inflammation and lymphatic damage worsen each other.
