02/19/2024
COVID-19 MAY ALTER THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
At this point, many people view COVID-19 as relatively benign. But even if you've already recovered from a mild case, there's no guarantee that next time will go as smoothly. Just because you did okay with it last year doesn't mean you'll do okay with it this year.
There is a mischaracterization in the public understanding that you can get an acute infection with fever, cough, malaise, and fatigue, get over it after a few days or a week or so, then bounce back, and it's gone. The data are showing that [some] people still display increased risk of problems even two years after an infection.
People who had multiple infections were three times more likely to be hospitalized for their infection up to six months later than those who only got COVID-19 once, and were also more likely to have problems with clotting, gastrointestinal disorders, kidney, and mental health symptoms. The risks appeared to increase the more infections people experienced.
Understanding why SARS-CoV-2 has a uniquely lasting effect on the body remains a challenge. Historically, when the immune system meets a new pathogen like a virus, it generates novel defenses and remembers the intrude, so it has a head start if the virus returns. That's certainly the case with SARS-CoV-2 -which is why vaccines work, and why getting reinfected generally leads to milder symptoms.
But there is also growing evidence that in some people, getting COVID-19 the first time may compromise the immune response in a way that makes the body less likely to respond effectively the next time it sees the virus. That could leave certain organs and body systems, such as the brain, weaker for months after infection – and subsequent ones. It's a balance of these two opposing forces – the immune system learning from the past and knowing how to deal with a virus and do a better job the second and third time around, and the idea that a first encounter with a virus might alter the immune system in some way that it becomes less efficient – that could explain why some people get Long COVID.
Data also continue to show that even vaccinated people can get Long COVID – although the risk may be lower – since the protection provided by vaccines wanes over time, just as it does from infections. Vaccines are therefore a strong but not absolute barrier to the virus