09/04/2025
Dr. Anja C. Roden from Mayo Clinic shared this case from our upcoming October Thorax course (https://my.uscap.org/app/program/UPAOsM0/index.cfm)
This 53-year-old woman was found to have a 3.6 cm metabolically active mass in the right upper lung along the mediastinum during workup for coronary artery disease. Imaging studies also revealed pleural nodules in the right upper and lower lobe lung.
Diagnosis: Thymoma.
Sheets of polygonal tumor cells (A) with focal clusters and scattered small lymphocytes (C) and focal band-like fibrosis (low power picture in case stem) are seen. The tumor cells have a fair amount of cytoplasm and large nuclei some with conspicuous nucleoli. Perivascular spaces are present (A, arrow). No increased mitotic activity or necrosis are apparent. The morphologic features are suggestive of thymoma which is further supported by the diffuse expression of p40 (B) and pankeratin (not shown) by the neoplastic cells and expression of TdT (D) by thymocytes.
Although the morphological features are suggestive of a B3 thymoma, thymomas are usually not subtyped on small biopsies because of their potential heterogeneity. Given that the patient had multiple pleural-based nodules, this may represent a thymoma with pleural metastases (“implants”).
The differential diagnosis includes carcinoma. The absence of desmoplasia, the presence of perivascular spaces, and, while not entirely sensitive, the lack of expression of CD5 and CD117 argue against carcinoma and are further suggestive of thymoma.
References:
WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Thoracic tumours. Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2021. (WHO classification of tumours series, 5th ed.; vol. 5). https://publications.iarc.fr/595.
Angirekula M et al. CD117, BAP1, MTAP, and TdT Is a Useful Immunohistochemical Panel to Distinguish Thymoma from Thymic Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(9):2299.