03/06/2025
Throughout history, women have played pivotal roles in death care practices, laying the foundation for many contemporary funeral traditions. Their contributions span various cultures and eras, reflecting both societal norms and the intrinsic value of their roles in honoring the deceased.
Ancient Egypt
In ancient Egypt, women were integral to funerary customs, often serving as professional mourners. These women would make ostentatious displays of grief, including tearing their hair, loud wailing, and beating their chests, to honor the deceased. Notably, two women would impersonate the goddesses Isis and Nephthys during funerary rituals, standing at either end of the co**se to symbolize divine protection and guidance for the departed soul.
Ancient Greece
In ancient Greece, women were primarily responsible for funeral rites, which consisted of three main parts: the prothesis (laying out of the body), the ekphora (funeral procession), and the deposition of the remains. During the prothesis, women prepared the body by washing, anointing, and dressing it, then laid it out for viewing. They also led the laments, expressing communal grief through ritualistic wailing and mourning songs. The ekphora involved women leading the procession to the burial site, underscoring their central role in guiding the deceased to their final resting place.
Ancient Rome
Roman women, especially those from patrician families, were custodians of their household’s death rituals. They prepared the body for burial by washing, anointing, and dressing it in burial clothes, then placed it on a funerary couch. Women also organized funerary banquets, known as silicernium, to honor the deceased and provide an opportunity for the family to gather and commemorate their loved one.
19th and Early 20th Century United States
Before the professionalization of the funeral industry, women in the United States often acted as “shrouders” or “layers-out of the dead,” preparing bodies for burial within their communities. However, as embalming became more common during and after the Civil War, men began to dominate the emerging funeral industry. Despite this shift, women like Linda Odou and Lena Simmons made significant strides by founding embalming schools in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, paving the way for future generations of female funeral directors.
Modern Era
In recent decades, there’s been a notable resurgence of women in the funeral industry. As of 2017, approximately 60% of mortuary science students in the United States were women, signaling a shift towards gender balance in the profession. This return to prominence reflects a full-circle journey, acknowledging women’s historical roles in death care and their continued contributions to compassionate and personalized funeral services.
The enduring involvement of women in death care across cultures and eras highlights their essential role in shaping the rituals and practices that honor and remember the deceased. Their contributions have provided a foundation of empathy, respect, and innovation in funeral traditions that continue to evolve today.