08/16/2025
Why should you walk backwards in the pool?
1. If you want to target the following muscles (which we do)
Musumoto et al. (2007 & 2009) demonstrated that when walking backwards in water the muscle activity of the paraspinals (back muscles), vastus medialis (front of thigh muscle) and tibialis anterior (front of ankle, lifts your foot muscle) were significantly greater than walking forward both with and without water current. Additionally heart rate responses trended to greater when walking backward reaching statistical significance at faster speeds (3Km/h)
2. If we want to reduce ground reaction forces and/or work on ankle and knee mobility.
Research (Carneiro et al. 2012) investigating vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) and kinematics at initial contact (IC) and final stance (FS) in young adults comparing walking forward and backward in water and on land. The individuals walked forward and backward along a 7.2 meter length walkway and when in the water were immersed to xiphoid process. They found VGRF lower in both forward and backward walking in water compared to land. (meaning less pounding on your joints) For backward walking under both conditions (water and land) peak force was less at FS compared to IC. At IC both ankle dorsiflexion and knee flexion are greater when walking backward compared to forward.
references
Masumoto, K., Hamada, A., Tomonaga, H. O., Kodama, K., Amamoto, Y., Nishizaki, Y., & Hotta, N. (2009). Physiological and perceptual responses to backward and forward treadmill walking in water. Gait & posture, 29(2), 199-203.
Masumoto, Kenji, Shin-ichiro Takasugi, Noboru Hotta, Kazutaka Fujishima, and Yukihide Iwamoto. "A comparison of muscle activity and heart rate response during backward and forward walking on an underwater treadmill." Gait & posture 25, no. 2 (2007): 222-228.
Carneiro, L. C., Michaelsen, S. M., Roesler, H., Haupenthal, A., Hubert, M., & Mallmann, E. (2012). Vertical reaction forces and kinematics of backward walking underwater. Gait & posture, 35(2), 225-230.