01/07/2021
๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ & ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฐ๐๐ซ๐ฌ
๐๐ ๐ ๐ ๐๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐, ๐๐๐ง ๐ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ/๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ฏ๐ข๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฌ?
This is a question Iโve heard frequently, especially from those who themselves work in healthcare or have vulnerable friends and loved ones. It is a question driven by compassion. In this blog we have been trying to address the fears and concerns that arise not only from conspiracy theories and misinformation, but also from the very small but real risks associated with the vaccines; yet I know that many people would brave whatever degree of risk to themselves (again, Itโs very small) if it meant protecting their family and community. If they could be guaranteed that their choice to get vaccinated meant they could safely visit an unwell grandparent or have coffee face to face with a friend without any risk of spreading the virus, it would be a no brainer ๐๐ซ๐๐ฃ ๐๐ there was a considerable risk it might cause significant side effects like Bellโs Palsy (there isnโt: https://tinyurl.com/y3pkuxh5).
And I wish I could give that complete reassurance today, but while I ๐๐๐ say that the chances are very good this vaccine will not only protect you but also protect those around you, we still need much more data to be able to quantify the degree of that protection.
The point of the vaccines is to provide your systemic adaptive immune system, the part that acts powerfully and rapidly against specific disease, with the information it needs to produce the antibodies you need to keep you from getting very sick. A common misconception is that after you get say the flu shot, you canโt get the flu. Itโs not true. The flu shot doesnโt give you a magical forcefield around your body that blocks flu virus, it just helps you fight it much, much more quickly and efficiently when you do get it; often to the point that you never even know you are infected, or at least only have very minor symptoms (Image 1). ๐๐๐๐๐๐ฃ๐๐จ ๐๐ง๐๐จ๐ฉ๐๐๐๐ก๐ก๐ฎ ๐ง๐๐๐ช๐๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ฃ๐๐๐จ ๐ค๐ ๐ฎ๐ค๐ช ๐๐๐๐ค๐ข๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ญ๐ฉ๐ง๐๐ข๐๐ก๐ฎ ๐๐ก๐ก ๐๐ง๐ค๐ข ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ฎ ๐๐๐จ๐๐๐จ๐ ๐ก๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ฃ๐๐ก๐ช๐๐ฃ๐ฏ๐, ๐ข๐๐๐จ๐ก๐๐จ, ๐ค๐ง ๐พ๐๐๐๐ฟ-19; ๐ฉ๐๐๐ฉโ๐จ ๐ฉ๐๐๐๐ง ๐๐ค๐.
This main function of vaccines is what underpins the epidemiology strategy of giving the COVID-19 vaccine to healthcare workers and the most vulnerable first. The medically vulnerable, because they are the most likely to require high levels of care, to suffer long-term problems from infection, or to die from COVID-19; and healthcare workers because as the pandemic worsens it becomes more and more important to preserve our medical workforce, and vaccinated folks are less likely to need sick time (much less become seriously ill and require hospitalization themselves) for COVID-19. The other reasons for vaccinating healthcare workers go back to courage, trust, and solidarity with our patients in the face of any new treatment (https://tinyurl.com/y7xlc4ko). We are prioritizing vaccinating the vulnerable instead of say pathologic extroverts because the effectiveness of the vaccines at preventing significant illness ๐๐จ ๐ ๐ฃ๐ค๐ฌ๐ฃ (90-95%), but their effectiveness at preventing transmission is still unknown (image 2).
So how do we find out so that Dustin can get his vaccine? Well, the big question mark is ๐๐๐ผ ๐๐ฃ๐ฉ๐๐๐ค๐๐๐๐จ (Image 3). Most of the research on antibody production from COVID-19 vaccination focuses on IgM and IgG because they predominate in the blood and represent, respectively, our short-term and long-term antibody protection against systemic (whole body) illness. But IgA is the main antibody in the mucous membranes; your mouth and throat, nasal passages, lung surfaces, and digestive track (itโs also the antibody responsible for passive immunity transmitted through breastmilk), and we know that the IgA response to infection is a big, big part of what neutralizes the virus and decreases transmission in those first 10 days of symptoms. If the vaccines โonlyโ cause a significant IgG and IgM response during that post-vaccine exposure to the COVID-19 virus, it will prevent severe infection; and may still prevent enough viral replication to stop transmission. But if it produces a strong IgA response too (or a strong enough mucosal IgG response), it will almost definitely neutralize any live virus in the upper airway as well, making transmission as unlikely as severe illness. In other words, the degree of IgA response is a strong predictor of whether the vaccine protects those around you as well as it protects you.
Because of this, researchers are already studying the degree of production of mucosal IgA against COVID-19 in vaccine recipients, with some promising results, and at least one intranasal vaccine (which produce a very strong IgA response) is under development. And while the best information we could get would be to see exactly how well someone develops IgA and neutralizes the virus by studying them when they are exposed to COVID-19 after vaccination, itโs sort of hard to catch people in that window. In the end we will probably have to settle for epidemiology data instead; carefully watching to see if clusters of infection occur around exposed, asymptomatic ๐ซ๐๐๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ฉ๐๐ people at the same rate that they do around ๐ช๐ฃ๐ซ๐๐๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ฉ๐๐ people. That will take time, but if and when it becomes apparent that vaccinated people really arenโt spreading the virus to those around them at all, that will be the point Iโll stop wearing my mask, practicing social distancing, and washing my hands (fine, fine; Iโll keep on washing my hands: https://youtu.be/VK2vpOh5wws).
I realize this was a really long-winded way of saying โI have no idea,โ but I want to conclude with a few reasons you should get the vaccine even if your main concern is not spreading the virus to others. ๐
๐ข๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ, there is already a lot of good data that supports the idea that these vaccines will provide mucosal immunity (and thus decrease transmission), both from studies of the COVID-19 vaccines themselves (Image 4) and from our much more robust knowledge of vaccines in general; itโs hard to say anything with much confidence yet because weโve had these vaccines for such a short time, but Iโm pretty optimist they will. Weโve followed these principles for years; we recommend everyone around a newborn be vaccinated against Pertussis (whooping cough) because the newborn canโt be, and we know that vaccine-derived herd immunity works even for viruses that are primarily spread through respiratory particles. ๐๐๐๐จ๐ง๐, there is no conceivable mechanism by which they would increase transmission. The vaccines ๐๐๐ฃ๐ฃ๐ค๐ฉ make you produce live virus (at all) so they canโt make you contagious, and if you are exposed to COVID-19 later on your body will still respond with a mucosal immune response whether it is augmented by your vaccine or not (and it probably will be); the vaccine wonโt stop that. And ๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ซ๐, by preventing a severe systemic illness, the vaccine will decrease the amount of time you are shedding virus and prevent transmission in some of the most high-risk settings; aerosol producing procedures like nebulizer treatments or intubation in the hospital. And by preventing symptoms like coughing and sneezing the vaccine will make you less contagious when exposed to the virus, as long as you are still following other transmission control measures like wearing a mask and quarantining after exposure.
So no, unfortunately being vaccinated against COVID-19 does not give us carte blanche to schedule giant indoor parties, throw away our masks, and treat the pandemic as if it were over; but they are a huge step in that direction, and in addition to protecting ourselves they do have a fair, if yet unproven, chance of protecting those around us too. And besides, if you donโt get vaccinated, how are you going to get your government tracking microchip?
Bad joke, sorry.
๐๐๐ฑ๐ญ: "๐๐ซ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ ๐๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐๐๐ฅ (๐๐๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง, ๐ก๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ง ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ, ๐๐ง๐ ๐ฆ๐๐๐ข๐๐๐ฅ ๐ซ๐๐ฌ๐๐๐ซ๐๐ก)?"
๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ & ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฐ๐๐ซ๐ฌ:
๐
๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐&๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.๐๐จ๐ฆ (updated regularly): https://tjwebbmd.com/.../covid-19-vaccine-questions-and...
๐ญ. ๐๐จ๐ฐ ๐๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐๐ฌ๐ ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ค? https://tinyurl.com/ycetonku
๐ฎ. ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ ๐ก๐๐ฏ๐ ๐๐ง๐ฒ ๐ฅ๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ญ ๐จ๐ง ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐๐จ๐๐ฒ? (๐จ: ๐๐๐!) & ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ญ๐ก๐๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ? (๐จ: ๐ต๐!) https://tinyurl.com/yabolsbf
๐. ๐๐ซ๐๐ง'๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ซ๐๐๐ข๐๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ๐ฑ๐ข๐? (๐ด: ๐๐) https://tinyurl.com/y6a2rex9
๐๐ญ๐ก๐๐ซ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ ๐๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฌ:
๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐๐ข๐๐๐จ ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ง๐ค๐ข๐ง๐ https://tjwebbmd.com/2020/11/21/covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-minute-by-minute-analysis
๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฅโ๐ฌ ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฌ๐ฒ: ๐ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ฌ๐ก ๐ฌ๐ก๐ ๐ฐ๐๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐ฉ๐๐ญ๐ข๐๐ง๐ญ. https://tjwebbmd.com/2020/12/31/covid-19-and-bells-palsy-i-wish-she-was-my-patient
๐๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ญ or "๐๐ฉ๐บ ๐ ๐ข๐ฎ ๐ถ๐ฏ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ต๐ข๐ฃ๐ญ๐ฆ ๐จ๐ฆ๐ต๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ท๐ข๐ค๐ค๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ต๐ฆ๐ฅ" https://tinyurl.com/y7xlc4ko
"๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐๐% ๐๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐๐ง๐๐ฌ๐ฌ... ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐๐ ๐๐ง๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐๐ซ ๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐ ๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ." https://tinyurl.com/y7ylla8k
๐
๐ซ๐ข๐๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐๐๐ข๐ ๐ก๐๐จ๐ซ ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐๐๐ฆ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฌ
๐๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐๐ซ๐: Herd immunity and vaccines: Vaccines 101 โ https://tinyurl.com/y27txvro