11/21/2024
The Fundamental Constitutions of Caroline, in 1669, included provisions for structuring a colonial nobility. The order of the nobility was to be based on the amount of land an individual had in grants from the Lords Proprietors. All of the territory was to be divided into counties. Each county was made up of eight seigniories (the Lords Proprietors’ domains), and eight baronies (the nobility’s domain).
There were three titles and authorized land amounts for the nobility: a Landgrave was to have 48,000 acres; a Cassique, commanded 24,000 acres; and a Baronet 12,000 acres.
The nobility envisioned in the Fundamental Constitutions never materialized. Many reasons may be speculated as the cause, for example, the Lords Proprietors did not live in the colony; they lived in England and were unable to follow up on their design. Also, the New World spirit did not seem consistent with the ideals of a nobility with its potential for repression of lower ranks.
In order to furnish to these nobles the outward and visible signs of their status, the Lords Proprietors in 1705 appointed Laurence Cromp, Esq., of Worcester to the position of Carolina Herald, with power to grant arms to the Landgraves and Cassiques. Whether Cromp ever made any grant of arms is uncertain, and it is unknown whether the Carolina nobility ever had the opportunity to wear their gold chains or robes of scarlet and gold specified by the document.
Known Landgraves, Cassiques, and Baronets:
Thomas Amy
Edmund Andros
John Ashby I,
John Ashby II,
John Ashby III
Daniel Axtell, Sr.,
Holland Axtell
John Bayley I,
John Bayley II
Edmund Bellinger, Sr.
Edmund Bellinger, Jr.
Joseph Blake
James Colleton,
John Colleton
Sir Peter Colleton,
Sir John Colleton
Thomas Colleton,
Peter Colleton
Lawrence Cromp
Robert Daniell
Charles Eden
John Ely
John Gibbs
Robert Gibbes
Christoph de Graffenreid
Nathaniel Johnson
Abel Ketelby
John Locke
Joseph Morton I
Joseph Morton II
John Smith
Thomas Smith I
Thomas Smith II
Seth Sothel
Joseph West
John Wyche
John Yeamans
Suspected Landgraves, Cassiques, and Baronets:
Edward Berkeley
James Carteret
Statira Elizabeth Farquaharson
James Griffiths
William Hodgson
Mary Ketelby Johnson
Edward Juckes
Richard Kyrle
John Monks
James Moore
Joseph Moore
Joseph Pendarvis
Andrew Percival
Spencer Percival
John Price
Thomas Rowe
Johnston Rundell
Henry Wilkinson
Edward Wilmot