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April 2022
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Causes of Belly Fat
Why Belly Fat Forms and How to Lose It
Belly fat is a problem. It surrounds your organs and raises your risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. But there are things you can do to lose it.
How to Figure Out Your Healthy Weight
You want to maintain a healthy weight, but what does that mean for you? These two tools can help you figure out where you are, and how to get where you want to be.
Get Comfy During Breast Cancer
Feel-Good Clothes, Wigs, Scarves
Causes of Belly Fat
Reviewed by Michael W. Smith, MD on January 05, 2021
More Around the Middle
1/12
Belly fat is a problem, and not just because of how it looks. The type of fat that collects in your belly is called visceral fat. It surrounds your organs and raises your risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. To find out if you have excess fat in this area, put a tape measure around your midsection at bellybutton-level. More than 35 inches in women and 40 inches in men is too much. Here are a few reasons why belly fat forms and how to lose it.
You're Eating Too Much
2/12
If you take in more calories than you burn off, you put on pounds everywhere -- including in your middle. You need to cut about 500 calories a day to lose a pound. That may sound like a lot, but look at cutting the highest-calorie foods from your diet first. Cookies, french fries, soda, and juice pack many calories into a few sips or bites. Replace those first with low-calorie, nutrient-dense foods like broccoli, apples, brown rice, and brothy soups.
You've Had a Few More Birthdays
3/12
Age might bring wisdom, but it isn't kind to your midline. With each passing year, your muscle mass declines and your metabolism slows, so you don't burn as many calories as you used to. That means you can eat the same amount and still see the number on the scale creep up. Age-acquired weight tends to collect around the middle. To prevent unwanted gains, cut back on calories or add more muscle-building exercise.
Blame Your Genes
4/12
If you eat right and exercise and those stubborn pounds still won't go, your genes could be to blame. Another clue is if other family members struggle with their weight. Genes control how your body burns calories, how quickly you feel full, and whether you gain weight in your thighs, butt, or belly. Even if belly fat runs in your family, you can overcome your genes with the right diet and enough exercise.
You've Started ‘The Change’
5/12
In women, the combination of aging and the loss of estrogen at menopause adds up to weight gain. Genes, loss of muscle mass, and overeating also contribute to weight creep in your 40s and 50s. The extra pounds that might have settled in your hips earlier in life now cluster in your middle, also thanks to hormone changes. That weight shift does more than make your pants tighter. It can also raise your risk for heart disease.
You Don't Move Enough
6/12
Americans spend more than 10 hours a day in a seated position. Although diet plays a major part in weight gain, lack of movement contributes, too. To avoid putting on extra pounds in your belly and elsewhere in your body, get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of high-intensity aerobic exercise each week.
Sleep Is Hard to Come By
7/12
Too little shut-eye could be part of the reason you've gained weight. Your body makes hormones that make you feel full. Lack of slumber can make them less effective. That’s why, when you’re sleep-deprived, you may overeat and gain weight, especially in your belly. When you don’t get enough sleep, you may also crave more high-calorie comfort foods.
You're Stress Eating
8/12
Too much stress isn't good for your mental state or your weight. Stress triggers the release of cortisol, a hormone that makes you crave high-fat, carb-heavy foods like pizza, fries, and cookies. Cortisol also deposits fat around your belly. Another way stress leads to weight gain is by keeping you up at night. People who sleep fewer hours tend to have more belly fat.
You Haven't Kicked the Habit
9/12
Some people who smoke are afraid to quit because they worry that they’ll gain weight. But even though smokers have a lower body mass index than nonsmokers, their bellies are bigger. Smokers gain more visceral fat, the kind that's linked to heart disease and other chronic health conditions, than nonsmokers. So, in case you needed another reason to quit, now you’ve got one.
You Eat Too Many Trans Fats
10/12
These artificial fats raise bad (LDL) cholesterol and boost your risk for heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Foods cooked in trans fats are high in fat and calories and can cause weight gain. The FDA has banned added trans fats in foods, but some products made before the ban could still be on store shelves. Read food labels. If the ingredients list includes partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, that food contains trans fat. Try to choose a different item.
Your Gut Bacteria Aren't Helpful
11/12
Your intestines are home to trillions of bacteria. Some of these germs live in harmony with you and help your body digest food. Others break down food so much that your body absorbs more calories from it and stores more energy in the form of fat. There's evidence that probiotics, found in fermented foods like kimchi and yogurt, might get rid of belly fat. These friendly bacteria won't replace calorie cutting, but they might help.
It's Your Medicine
12/12
The answer to your weight gain could be hidden inside your medicine cabinet. Certain drugs are notorious for causing weight gain. These include some diabetes drugs, some antidepressants, steroids, and epilepsy medicines. A few medications add fat directly to the belly area, including beta-blockers, which treat high blood pressure.
What Is a Healthy Weight?
Reviewed by Gabriela Pichardo, MD on June 12, 2021
IN THIS ARTICLE
• Body Mass Index (BMI)
• Measure Your Waist
• Waist-to-Hip Ratio
• How Do I Get to the Right Weight?
• Long-term Changes Are Best
• Make It Fun
Many Americans struggle to control their weight. The country’s obesity problem is well known: 1 in 3 of us is obese, and the rate is rising.
But you still might wonder what a healthy weight is, and how to get there (and stay there) the right way.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
It’s pretty easy to figure out the estimated healthy weight. You can use two simple tools.
The first is called body mass index (BMI).
To figure out your BMI, just use this math formula: Multiply your weight in pounds by 703 and divide it by your height (in inches) squared. So, for example, if you weigh 185 pounds and are 5-foot-5 (65 inches), then your BMI works out this way:
185 x 703 = 130,055
65 x 65 = 4,225
130,005 ÷ 4,225 = 30.78 (round up to 30.8)
Obesity in adults is defined as having a BMI of 30.0 or above. The other ranges are:
• Overweight = 25.0 to 29.9
• Normal weight = 18.5 to 24.9
• Underweight = under 18.5
BMI is a common tool to give you some idea of where you are. But it doesn’t measure body fat. It’s not meant to give a diagnosis or tell you for sure that you have a weight problem.
For example of how it can be off, muscular people might have a high BMI without being obese. And BMI can underestimate fat in older people and others who have lost muscle.
If you think you are obese or have questions about healthy weight, talk to your doctor.
Measure Your Waist
There’s a second way to get an idea of how close you are to a healthy weight -- just measure your waist.
The waist is key because tummy fat can be more serious and put you at a greater risk of things like type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.
Like BMI, measuring your waist doesn’t show for sure that you’re overweight. They are both common, general screening tools. But in general, here are the guidelines for men and women:
• A man’s waist should be no more than 40 inches
• If you’re a woman who isn’t pregnant, it should be no more than 35 inches.
Here’s how to measure your waist:
• Stand up and wrap a measuring tape around your waist (just above the hip bones).
• The tape should be snug but not pressed into your skin.
• Breathe out before you measure.
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Doctors have another tool based on the inches around your hips compared with the inches around your waist.
To figure out your waist-to-hip ratio:
1. Measure your waist at the thinnest part.
2. Measure your hips at the widest part.
3. Divide the waist by the hips.
Men with a waist-to-hip ratio higher than 0.9 have too much of a belly (think apple-shaped).Women with a number higher than 0.85 are carrying too much weight (more like a pear).
The waist-to-hip guidelines differ by s*x because men tend to carry extra weight in their bellies, while women show it more in the hips and buttocks.
How Do I Get to the Right Weight?
Several things help determine a person’s weight, including genes and hormones. But being obese usually comes from eating more calories than you use. Your body holds on to extra calories and turns them into fat.
So there are two things you must change to lose weight in a healthy and lasting way:
1. Eat right. Americans love fast food, sodas and processed foods. They add up.
2. Move more. Our lifestyles can be short on exercise, playing, or just moving enough to burn the fuel we take in.
Your doctor might also want to talk about:
• Other behavioral changes
• Medicines
• Weight-loss surgery
Long-term Changes Are Best
If a diet sounds too good to be true, it probably is. The same goes for promises that you’ll lose weight fast without changing your diet or exercise habits.
A loss of 1 to 2 pounds a week is about right. So think “slow and steady” to keep the weight off for good.
For your diet:
• Eat more fruits and vegetables.
• Get good protein and plenty of fiber.
• Limit salt, sugar, and fat.
• Be careful with your portions.
Talk to your doctor about how many calories you should consume to lose weight. For women it’s generally up to 1,500 calories a day; for men it’s up to 1,800.
You’ll need to cut your calories by 500 to 1,000 calories a day to lose that 1-2 pounds per week.
For movement:
• Aim for at least 2.5 hours of aerobic exercise (like brisk walking) every week. You’ll likely need even more than that to lose weight.
• Do some muscle strengthening at least twice a week.
• Add ordinary movement to that, as well, to burn calories throughout the day. (Park far from entrances. Take walks around the neighborhood. Get up from your desk and move regularly).
Make It Fun
Just the word “diet” What Is a Healthy Weight?
Reviewed by Gabriela Pichardo, MD on June 12, 2021
IN THIS ARTICLE
• Body Mass Index (BMI)
• Measure Your Waist
• Waist-to-Hip Ratio
• How Do I Get to the Right Weight?
• Long-term Changes Are Best
• Make It Fun
Many Americans struggle to control their weight. The country’s obesity problem is well known: 1 in 3 of us is obese, and the rate is rising.
But you still might wonder what a healthy weight is, and how to get there (and stay there) the right way.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
It’s pretty easy to figure out the estimated healthy weight. You can use two simple tools.
The first is called body mass index (BMI).
To figure out your BMI, just use this math formula: Multiply your weight in pounds by 703 and divide it by your height (in inches) squared. So, for example, if you weigh 185 pounds and are 5-foot-5 (65 inches), then your BMI works out this way:
185 x 703 = 130,055
65 x 65 = 4,225
130,005 ÷ 4,225 = 30.78 (round up to 30.8)
Obesity in adults is defined as having a BMI of 30.0 or above. The other ranges are:
• Overweight = 25.0 to 29.9
• Normal weight = 18.5 to 24.9
• Underweight = under 18.5
BMI is a common tool to give you some idea of where you are. But it doesn’t measure body fat. It’s not meant to give a diagnosis or tell you for sure that you have a weight problem.
For example of how it can be off, muscular people might have a high BMI without being obese. And BMI can underestimate fat in older people and others who have lost muscle.
If you think you are obese or have questions about healthy weight, talk to your doctor.
Measure Your Waist
There’s a second way to get an idea of how close you are to a healthy weight -- just measure your waist.
The waist is key because tummy fat can be more serious and put you at a greater risk of things like type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.
Like BMI, measuring your waist doesn’t show for sure that you’re overweight. They are both common, general screening tools. But in general, here are the guidelines for men and women:
• A man’s waist should be no more than 40 inches
• If you’re a woman who isn’t pregnant, it should be no more than 35 inches.
Here’s how to measure your waist:
• Stand up and wrap a measuring tape around your waist (just above the hip bones).
• The tape should be snug but not pressed into your skin.
• Breathe out before you measure.
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Doctors have another tool based on the inches around your hips compared with the inches around your waist.
To figure out your waist-to-hip ratio:
1. Measure your waist at the thinnest part.
2. Measure your hips at the widest part.
3. Divide the waist by the hips.
Men with a waist-to-hip ratio higher than 0.9 have too much of a belly (think apple-shaped).Women with a number higher than 0.85 are carrying too much weight (more like a pear).
The waist-to-hip guidelines differ by s*x because men tend to carry extra weight in their bellies, while women show it more in the hips and buttocks.
How Do I Get to the Right Weight?
Several things help determine a person’s weight, including genes and hormones. But being obese usually comes from eating more calories than you use. Your body holds on to extra calories and turns them into fat.
So there are two things you must change to lose weight in a healthy and lasting way:
1. Eat right. Americans love fast food, sodas and processed foods. They add up.
2. Move more. Our lifestyles can be short on exercise, playing, or just moving enough to burn the fuel we take in.
Your doctor might also want to talk about:
• Other behavioral changes
• Medicines
• Weight-loss surgery
Long-term Changes Are Best
If a diet sounds too good to be true, it probably is. The same goes for promises that you’ll lose weight fast without changing your diet or exercise habits.
A loss of 1 to 2 pounds a week is about right. So think “slow and steady” to keep the weight off for good.
For your diet:
• Eat more fruits and vegetables.
• Get good protein and plenty of fiber.
• Limit salt, sugar, and fat.
• Be careful with your portions.
Talk to your doctor about how many calories you should consume to lose weight. For women it’s generally up to 1,500 calories a day; for men it’s up to 1,800.
You’ll need to cut your calories by 500 to 1,000 calories a day to lose that 1-2 pounds per week.
For movement:
• Aim for at least 2.5 hours of aerobic exercise (like brisk walking) every week. You’ll likely need even more than that to lose weight.
• Do some muscle strengthening at least twice a week.
• Add ordinary movement to that, as well, to burn calories throughout the day. (Park far from entrances. Take walks around the neighborhood. Get up from your desk and move regularly).
Make It Fun
Just the word “diet” What Is a Healthy Weight?
Reviewed by Gabriela Pichardo, MD on June 12, 2021
IN THIS ARTICLE
• Body Mass Index (BMI)
• Measure Your Waist
• Waist-to-Hip Ratio
• How Do I Get to the Right Weight?
• Long-term Changes Are Best
• Make It Fun
Many Americans struggle to control their weight. The country’s obesity problem is well known: 1 in 3 of us is obese, and the rate is rising.
But you still might wonder what a healthy weight is, and how to get there (and stay there) the right way.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
It’s pretty easy to figure out the estimated healthy weight. You can use two simple tools.
The first is called body mass index (BMI).
To figure out your BMI, just use this math formula: Multiply your weight in pounds by 703 and divide it by your height (in inches) squared. So, for example, if you weigh 185 pounds and are 5-foot-5 (65 inches), then your BMI works out this way:
185 x 703 = 130,055
65 x 65 = 4,225
130,005 ÷ 4,225 = 30.78 (round up to 30.8)
Obesity in adults is defined as having a BMI of 30.0 or above. The other ranges are:
• Overweight = 25.0 to 29.9
• Normal weight = 18.5 to 24.9
• Underweight = under 18.5
BMI is a common tool to give you some idea of where you are. But it doesn’t measure body fat. It’s not meant to give a diagnosis or tell you for sure that you have a weight problem.
For example of how it can be off, muscular people might have a high BMI without being obese. And BMI can underestimate fat in older people and others who have lost muscle.
If you think you are obese or have questions about healthy weight, talk to your doctor.
Measure Your Waist
There’s a second way to get an idea of how close you are to a healthy weight -- just measure your waist.
The waist is key because tummy fat can be more serious and put you at a greater risk of things like type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.
Like BMI, measuring your waist doesn’t show for sure that you’re overweight. They are both common, general screening tools. But in general, here are the guidelines for men and women:
• A man’s waist should be no more than 40 inches
• If you’re a woman who isn’t pregnant, it should be no more than 35 inches.
Here’s how to measure your waist:
• Stand up and wrap a measuring tape around your waist (just above the hip bones).
• The tape should be snug but not pressed into your skin.
• Breathe out before you measure.
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Doctors have another tool based on the inches around your hips compared with the inches around your waist.
To figure out your waist-to-hip ratio:
1. Measure your waist at the thinnest part.
2. Measure your hips at the widest part.
3. Divide the waist by the hips.
Men with a waist-to-hip ratio higher than 0.9 have too much of a belly (think apple-shaped).Women with a number higher than 0.85 are carrying too much weight (more like a pear).
The waist-to-hip guidelines differ by s*x because men tend to carry extra weight in their bellies, while women show it more in the hips and buttocks.
How Do I Get to the Right Weight?
Several things help determine a person’s weight, including genes and hormones. But being obese usually comes from eating more calories than you use. Your body holds on to extra calories and turns them into fat.
So there are two things you must change to lose weight in a healthy and lasting way:
1. Eat right. Americans love fast food, sodas and processed foods. They add up.
2. Move more. Our lifestyles can be short on exercise, playing, or just moving enough to burn the fuel we take in.
Your doctor might also want to talk about:
• Other behavioral changes
• Medicines
• Weight-loss surgery
Long-term Changes Are Best
If a diet sounds too good to be true, it probably is. The same goes for promises that you’ll lose weight fast without changing your diet or exercise habits.
A loss of 1 to 2 pounds a week is about right. So think “slow and steady” to keep the weight off for good.
For your diet:
• Eat more fruits and vegetables.
• Get good protein and plenty of fiber.
• Limit salt, sugar, and fat.
• Be careful with your portions.
Talk to your doctor about how many calories you should consume to lose weight. For women it’s generally up to 1,500 calories a day; for men it’s up to 1,800.
You’ll need to cut your calories by 500 to 1,000 calories a day to lose that 1-2 pounds per week.
For movement:
• Aim for at least 2.5 hours of aerobic exercise (like brisk walking) every week. You’ll likely need even more than that to lose weight.
• Do some muscle strengthening at least twice a week.
• Add ordinary movement to that, as well, to burn calories throughout the day. (Park far from entrances. Take walks around the neighborhood. Get up from your desk and move regularly).
Make It Fun
Just the word “diet” sounds like a drag, doesn’t it?
So don’t think about dieting. Think about making better lifestyle choices.
Healthy eating and exercise can connect you with family, friends, and others with similar goals. You can join a support group or fitness center, take a class, or play with your kids.
Healthy living is a way of life, and the benefits are worth it.
Get Comfy During Breast Cancer: Feel-Good Clothes, Wigs, Scarves
Medically Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD on September 03, 2021
By Keri Wiginton
• What Clothes Should You Wear?
• Which Bra Is Best?
• If You Want a Wig
• Other Head Coverings
• TLC for Scalp and Skin
• More
Breast cancer treatment can change how you look and feel. Whether it’s shifting what you wear or how you decide to handle hair loss from chemo, you're still in charge.
Buying a wardrobe that fits and makes you feel good is important,” says Maryam Lustberg, MD, MPH, director of The Breast Center at Smilow Cancer Hospital. “But it’s really important to acknowledge the emotional and spiritual aspect of it, too.”
Here are some expert tips on clothes, bras, wigs, and other headwear.
What Clothes Should You Wear?
You can search for cancer-specific clothes online. Or reach out to other people who’ve gone through the same thing. You can find like-minded folks through social media or organizations such as Breastcancer.org and the American Cancer Society.
You can also:
Meet with a tailor. If possible, visit a cancer-focused shop. They’ll measure you and give you tips for how to dress your body as it is now, which may be bigger or smaller than before.
Wear cozy clothes. You might have more sensitivity if you’ve had extensive breast surgery, such as a mastectomy or reconstruction. But in general, wear soft garments that are easy to take on and off.
Dress for treatment. If you have a port, try a V-neck shirt or something with buttons or a zipper down the front, says Patti Frey, an oncology nurse with Northwestern Medicine Cancer Center.
Short sleeves are a good choice if you get chemo through a vein in your arm. And wear layers. You might get hot or cold during treatment. “You never know how you’re going to feel,” Frey says.
Create your power wardrobe. Wear clothes that help you feel “put together,” says Marissa Weiss, MD, founder and chief medical officer for Breastcancer.org.
If you need things to go to the dry cleaners and be picked up, tell somebody else to do that for you. Save your energy for the things that you enjoy doing.”
Patti Frey, oncology nurse, Northwestern Medicine Cancer Center.
Avoid wearing things that are too tight. You don’t want to feel physically uncomfortable. “Gently-fitted” clothes also give you more privacy. “You might have surgical drains or other asymmetries you don’t want to reveal,” Weiss says.
Ask for help. Fatigue can be a big part of cancer treatment. “If you need things to go to the dry cleaners and be picked up, tell somebody else to do that for you,” Frey says. “Save your energy for the things that you enjoy doing.”
Which Bra Is Best?
It depends on your treatment. Some people can go without extra support for a while, Frey says. But check with your health care team. You might need to wear a surgical bra.
“Medical-grade bras are typically softer and don’t have underwire,” Lustberg says. “They usually have a zipper up front. And if you have drains, some of these undergarments have a place where you can more easily access [them].”
When you switch back to a personal bra, keep comfort in mind.
“It’s particularly important to wear a seamless bra -- one that’s smooth on the inside and outside -- if you’re getting radiation,” Weiss says. Avoid underwire bras, lacy bras, and any bras with elastic bands that have zig-zag stitches during this time for your skin’s sake.
If You Want a Wig
If you're going to get chemotherapy as part of your treatment and it’s a type of chemo that causes hair loss, you have options about how you want to handle that.
The hair loss starts about 2-3 weeks after chemo begins. It doesn’t come out all at once. Many people get their heads shaved as a way to take control when that starts to happen.
Hair loss is a big deal for a lot of people. Weiss even knows people who found it more troubling than losing their breasts.
“It wasn’t part of your plan to explain to people, including strangers, about why you have no hair or why you don’t want to talk about that in a parking lot,” Weiss says.
If that’s true for you, a wig can be a good way to preserve your sense of self and protect your privacy.
If you don’t want a wig and feel OK about any hair loss showing, that’s fine, too. It’s a personal choice.
You can buy a wig off the shelf. But ask your doctor to prescribe a “cranial prosthesis” -- a wig -- and your health insurance provider should cover the cost. Call your insurer ahead of time to confirm how much they’ll cover.
There are pros and cons to different kinds of wigs, including:
Human hair. These may look more natural, but they can be costly and a bit trickier to manage. “Over time, they can look kind of dull if you wear them a lot,” Weiss says. “They don’t have the natural oils” of hair growing out of your scalp.
Synthetic. These tend to cost less than wigs made with human hair. And they’re usually easier to care for. “You can throw them around more and they don’t get funky on you,” Weiss says.
You don’t need to wear your wig as-is. A specialist can help you get a look you love.
Go to “a hair stylist or cancer boutique, where they can frame the layers to fit more naturally,” Lustberg says.
Ask your doctor about scalp cooling. “Cold caps” may lessen chemo-related hair loss for some people. Your cancer center might have a scalp-cooling unit. If you want to buy your own, ask your health care team exactly how to use it and what you can expect. And check with your health insurance provider to see if they’ll pay for it.
Other Head Coverings
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Without your hair or a wig, your head may feel chillier than usual. So you might want a cap or scarf for it.
Some companies make products for people going through cancer treatment. But you don’t have to buy special chemo headwear.
You’ll want a head covering that’s soft and secure. In the summer, pick a lightweight material that you find comfortable. You might like 100% cotton, rayon, silk, or bamboo. Fleece or chenille can keep you warm in winter.
Options include:
• “Skull cap” for under your wig
• Sleep cap
• Form-fitting cap or beanie
• Hats for different seasons
• Pre-tied or slip-on head scarf
You can wrap a scarf yourself. It just takes a little practice to learn how.
Look Good Feel Good is a program that offers group or online beauty tips for people getting cancer treatment. You can also find videos online showing you different looks with scarves.
Some people wear a baseball cap with a ponytail in the back. You can find headbands with synthetic hair designed for this look.
Your health insurance provider probably won’t pay for a scarf or hat. But there are local and national groups that’ll help you find free headwear.