09/25/2025
Understanding Complex Trauma: What It Is and How Healing Happens
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Introduction
Complex trauma is more common than many people realize, yet it’s often misunderstood. Unlike a single traumatic event, complex trauma develops from repeated or prolonged experiences of stress, fear, or harm — often beginning in childhood. Whether you’re a survivor, a loved one, or someone simply looking to understand, knowing what complex trauma is can be the first step toward healing.
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What Is Complex Trauma?
Complex trauma (sometimes called C-PTSD) refers to repeated traumatic experiences that occur over time, often in situations where escape feels impossible. This type of trauma affects not only the body and brain but also how we see ourselves, others, and the world around us.
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Complex PTSD and the DSM
While Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) is not currently a formal diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), it is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and included in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).
In clinical practice, many therapists and trauma specialists still use the term because it accurately captures the experiences and symptoms of clients with prolonged or repeated trauma, even though they may officially be diagnosed with PTSD or another related condition.
Understanding this distinction helps reduce confusion and validates the very real experiences of those living with complex trauma, even if the label isn’t universally standardized in the DSM.
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How Complex Trauma Impacts the Brain and Body
Trauma isn’t “just in your head.” It lives in the nervous system, shaping how the brain and body respond to stress. Common effects include:
• Hypervigilance: Always being on alert, even when safe
• Dissociation: Feeling disconnected from your thoughts, emotions, or body
• Emotional dysregulation: Difficulty managing emotions like fear, anger, or sadness
• Relationship challenges: Struggling to trust or connect with others
Neuroscience shows that trauma changes the wiring of the brain, particularly in areas responsible for safety, memory, and regulation — but the brain can also re-wire itself with consistent, compassionate healing.
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Signs You May Be Experiencing the Adverse Effects of Complex Trauma
• Persistent anxiety or fear
• Feeling emotionally numb or detached
• Patterns of unhealthy relationships
• Difficulty feeling safe, even in safe situations
• Physical symptoms like fatigue, tension, or digestive issues
Many of my clients also report ear ringing, jaw or fist clenching, constipation, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, and tingling in extremities without a clear medical explanation.
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The Path to Healing
Healing from complex trauma is a journey — and it’s absolutely possible. Effective approaches often include, but not limited to:
• Somatic therapies: Helping the body release stored trauma and regulate the nervous system
• Internal Family Systems (IFS): Understanding and integrating different “parts” of the self including exiles (the parts of a person that protect that person by “holding” the traumatic memories)
• Safe relationships: Building trust and connection over time
And healing necessitates caring for ones basic needs (sleep, movement and nutrition).
Remember, healing is not linear. It’s about progress, not perfection.
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Final Thoughts
If you recognize yourself in these descriptions, know this: what happened to you is not your fault, and you are not broken. With the right support, your brain and body can learn to feel safe again. Therapy can provide the tools and compassionate connection needed to begin that journey.
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References
• Courtois, C. A., & Ford, J. D. (2013). Treating Complex Trauma: A Sequenced, Relationship-Based Approach. Guilford Press.
• Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2020). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Scientific and Professional Dimensions. Academic Press.
• Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery. Basic Books.
• Levine, P. A. (2010). In an Unspoken Voice: How the Body Releases Trauma and Restores Goodness. North Atlantic Books.
• Schwartz, R. C. (2021). No Bad Parts: Healing Trauma and Restoring Wholeness with the Internal Family Systems Model. Sounds True.
• van der Kolk, B. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Viking.
• World Health Organization. (2019). International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). WHO.