Vinayak Pharmacy

07/01/2026

07/01/2026

काठमाडौं- स्वास्थ्य बीमा बोर्डले २०८२ साल मंसिर मसान्तसम्म हासिल भएका उपलब्धिहरू सार्वजनिक गरेको छ।

07/01/2026

3 types of hunger explained "simply"

Hunger isn’t just about an empty stomach. Your brain receives signals from body composition, hormones, emotions, and even gut microbes. Here’s how the three major types work:

1️⃣ Homeostatic Hunger (Energy Balance Hunger)
This is your body’s “fuel gauge.” It rises and falls based on energy needs and metabolic signals.
What drives it: Ghrelin from the stomach stimulates hunger; leptin from fat cells and incretin hormones (GLP-1, PYY, CCK) reduce it.

What it does: Ensures your intake matches your energy needs for exercise, growth, and tissue repair.

🟢 Example: After a long run, homeostatic hunger pushes you to replace calories and glycogen.

2️⃣ Hedonic Hunger (Reward-Driven Hunger)
This is your “food pleasure” system. It’s triggered by sight, smell, habits, and emotions, not by actual energy needs.
What drives it: Brain reward circuits activated by highly palatable foods (sugar, fat, salt).

What it does: Encourages eating even when you’re not truly hungry. Weak satiety signals make it harder to stop.

🟢 Example: Craving dessert after dinner even though you’re full.

3️⃣ Microbiota-Driven Hunger (Gut Microbe Hunger)
Your gut bacteria also shape hunger signals by producing metabolites that influence hormones and the brain.

What drives it: Microbes generate compounds that mimic hunger or satiety signals, affect insulin, and modulate ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY.

What it does: Links gut health to appetite regulation and metabolic control.

🟢 Example: Certain bacterial imbalances may increase cravings or weaken satiety, nudging overeating.

Fasano, A. (2025). The physiology of hunger. The New England Journal of Medicine, 392(4), 372–381.

07/01/2026

07/01/2026

07/01/2026

How three brain regions, the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex or OFC, and hippocampus, communicate with each other during different stages of reward and loss processing. The arrows indicate the direction and type of connectivity, with red representing reward-related interactions and blue representing loss-related interactions. Importantly, reward-related connections are based on phase-locking, meaning the timing of brain rhythms becomes synchronized, while loss-related connections are based on amplitude correlation, meaning the strength of activity fluctuates together across regions.

During reward anticipation, the amygdala and OFC show increased theta-band phase-locking. This suggests that when a reward is expected, these two regions coordinate their activity timing in the theta frequency range, which is often linked to attention and decision-making. This synchronized timing may help integrate emotional significance from the amygdala with value-based evaluation in the OFC as an individual prepares for a possible reward.

During reward receipt, connectivity shifts toward the amygdala and hippocampus, with increased phase-locking in the delta and high gamma frequency bands. This pattern suggests close coordination between emotional processing and memory-related regions when a reward is actually obtained. In contrast, during loss receipt, the amygdala increases its high gamma amplitude correlation with the OFC, indicating stronger shared activity strength, while showing decreased theta amplitude correlation with the hippocampus. Together, these changes reflect distinct neural communication strategies for processing rewarding versus aversive outcomes.

Reference: Manssuer, L., et al. (2022)

06/01/2026

06/01/2026

नेपाल हेल्थ न्युज, काठमाडौं । विश्वव्यापी तापमान वृद्धिले मानव स्वास्थ्यमा नयाँ चुनौती ल्याइरहेको छ। हालैका अध.....