07/09/2025
𝗟𝗮𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗘𝘅𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗻 𝘂𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗳𝗮𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝘀 “𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴” 𝗶𝘀 𝗮 𝗠𝗶𝘀𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗿
💡 Balance and proprioception are related but distinct concepts. Balance is the ability to maintain the center of mass within the base of support and depends on integrated input from the somatosensory, vestibular, and visual systems, with somatosensory input serving as the primary source in adults【3】. Proprioception, in contrast, is the CNS process of determining the relative position and movement of the limbs and trunk while balancing. The eventual outcome is determined by motor control (neuromuscular function), which is the aspect most likely to adapt with training【3】.
▶️ Using unstable surfaces (e.g., balance boards) is often mislabeled as “proprioceptive training.” Instead, such exercises alter the weighting of sensory information: when standing on an unstable surface, orientationally accurate somatosensory input is reduced, forcing the CNS to depend more on visual and vestibular input【1,2,4,6】. If vision is also removed (eyes closed), balance relies almost exclusively on the vestibular system【1,2,4,6】. Thus, unstable surface training does not directly train proprioception; rather, it reweights multisensory inputs for balance control.
▶️ For optimal training of proprioceptive and balance function, the literature suggests practicing balance on stable surfaces, while progressively adding challenges such as closing the eyes or introducing expected/unexpected perturbations, to enhance CNS processing of somatosensory input【1–6】.
📚 References
1. Reiman BL, Lephart SM. The sensorimotor system, part I: The physiologic basis of functional joint stability. J Athl Train. 2002;37:71–79.
2. Reiman BL, Lephart SM. The sensorimotor system, part II: The physiologic basis of functional joint stability. J Athl Train. 2002;37:80–84.
3. Shumway-Cook A, Woolacott MH. Motor Control: Issues and theory. In: Motor Control: Translating Research Into Clinical Practice (3rd ed). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. pp. 3–20.
4. Shumway-Cook A, Woolacott MH. Motor Control: Issues and theory. In: Motor Control: Translating Research Into Clinical Practice (3rd ed). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. pp. 157–186.
5. Imbiriba LA, Correia MRA, Farias SG, Silva JM, da Nobrega Ferreira I, Cavalcanti Garcia MA, Sperandei S, Macedo AR. What we know so far about postural balance training: An exploratory scoping review of nomenclature and related issues. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020 Jul;24(3):227-234. doi: 10.1016/
6. Ogard, William K PT, PhD. Proprioception in Sports Medicine and Athletic Conditioning. Strength and Conditioning Journal 33(3):p 111-118, June 2011. | DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e31821bf3ae