06/02/2024
Achilles tendinitis
INTRODUCTION
Achilles tendinitis is an overuse injury of the Achilles tendon, the band of tissue that connects calf muscles at the back of the lower leg to your heel bone.
Achilles tendinitis most commonly occurs in runners who have suddenly increased the intensity or duration of their runs. It’s also common in middle-aged people who play sports, such as tennis or basketball, only on the weekends.
Most cases of Achilles tendinitis can be treated with relatively simple, at-home care under your doctor’s supervision. Self-care strategies are usually necessary to prevent recurring episodes. More-serious cases of Achilles tendinitis can lead to tendon tears (ruptures) that may require surgical repair.
SYMPTOMS
The pain associated with Achilles tendinitis typically begins as a mild ache in the back of the leg or above the heel after running or other sports activity. Episodes of more-severe pain may occur after prolonged running, stair climbing or sprinting.
You might also experience tenderness or stiffness, especially in the morning, which usually improves with mild activity.
Tendonitis refers to inflammation of a tendon in response to injury or disease of that tissue. Thus, tendonitis of the Achilles tendon refers to inflammation of this tendon, which lies at the back of the ankle and connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. This inflammation causes pain, irritation, and swelling in the area of the Achilles tendon, especially following periods of activity. This can range from mild to severe Achilles tendonitis pain. Other symptoms of Achilles tendonitis include:
Thickening of the tendon
Formation of a bone spur
Stiffness of the tendon in the morning
Limited strength and range of motion for the ankle
CAUSES
Achilles tendinitis is caused by repetitive or intense strain on the Achilles tendon, the band of tissue that connects your calf muscles to your heel bone. This tendon is used when you walk, run, jump or push up on your toes.
The structure of the Achilles tendon weakens with age, which can make it more susceptible to injury — particularly in people who may participate in sports only on the weekends or who have suddenly increased the intensity of their running programs.
Achilles tendonitis pain typically comes on gradually as a result of overuse of the Achilles tendon, which results in tiny tears. These tiny tears often stem from a sudden increase in physical activity—in duration or intensity—or from a sport that involves a lot of pushing off and stop-and-go motions (think basketball). If the damaging activity involves both legs (e.g., jumping or squatting exercises) bilateral Achilles tendonitis can form. Achilles tendonitis heel pain is most common middle-aged men; the tendon weakens with age. But Achilles tendonitis in children can also occur as their involvement in activities such as dance, gymnastics, track, and field, etc. can lead to injury of the tendon.
Some other causes of Achilles tendonitis include:
-Non-supportive shoes
-Training on hard surfaces
-Foot shape or alignment abnormalities
-Obesity
-Medical conditions (diabetes, high blood pressure)
-Some medications
RISK FACTORS
A number of factors may increase your risk of Achilles tendinitis, including:
-Your sex.Achilles tendinitis occurs most commonly in men.
-Achilles tendinitis is more common as you age.
-Physical problems.A naturally flat arch in your foot can put more strain on the Achilles tendon. -Obesity and tight calf muscles also can increase tendon strain.
-Training choices.Running in worn-out shoes can increase your risk of Achilles tendinitis. -Tendon pain occurs more frequently in cold weather than in warm weather, and running on hill-like terrain also can predispose you to Achilles injury.
-Medical conditions.People who have psoriasis or high blood pressure are at higher risk of developing Achilles tendinitis.
-Certain types of antibiotics, called fluoroquinolones, have been associated with higher rates of Achilles tendinitis.
COMPLICATIONS
Achilles tendinitis can weaken the tendon, making it more vulnerable to a tear (rupture) — a painful injury that usually requires surgical repair.
PREVENTION
While it may not be possible to prevent Achilles tendinitis, you can take measures to reduce your risk:
-Increase your activity level gradually.If you’re just beginning an exercise regimen, start slowly and gradually increase the duration and intensity of the training.
-Take it easy.Avoid activities that place excessive stress on your tendons, such as hill running. If you participate in a strenuous activity, warm up first by exercising at a slower pace. If you notice pain during a particular exercise, stop and rest.
-Choose your shoes carefully.The shoes you wear while exercising should provide adequate cushioning for your heel and should have a firm arch support to help reduce the tension in the Achilles tendon. Replace your worn-out shoes. If your shoes are in good condition but don’t support your feet, try arch supports in both shoes.
-Stretch daily.Take the time to stretch your calf muscles and Achilles tendon in the morning, before exercise and after exercise to maintain flexibility. This is especially important to avoid a recurrence of Achilles tendinitis.
-Strengthen your calf muscles.Strong calf muscles enable the calf and Achilles tendon to better handle the stresses they encounter with activity and exercise.
-Cross-train.Alternate high-impact activities, such as running and jumping, with low-impact activities, such as cycling and swimming.
-Home remedies for Achilles tendonitis go by an easy-to-remember acronym: RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation). It is important to take time off from exercise or at the very least, switch to one that puts less strain on the Achilles tendon. After an activity or whenever pain flares up, you should ice the ankle/heel region for about 15 minutes. Compression wraps and bandages reduce swelling and restrain movement. Elevating the foot, especially while sleeping, can also help reduce swelling.