05/11/2025
Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi.
Typhoid fever typically develops 1–3 weeks after exposure. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe and often progress gradually.
Common signs and symptoms include:
Persistent high fever (often up to 39–40°C)
Headache and body aches
Weakness and fatigue
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain and discomfort
Diarrhoea or constipation (may alternate)
Nausea and vomiting
Rash on the chest or abdomen (in some cases)
Enlarged spleen or liver in advanced disease
If untreated, complications such as intestinal perforation, bleeding, and severe infection (sepsis) can develop — which may be life-threatening.
Risk Factors
Consumption of contaminated food or water
Poor sanitation or inadequate sewage disposal
Travel to or residence in areas with high typhoid prevalence
Close contact with an infected person or carrier
Lack of vaccination against typhoid fever
Eating raw or undercooked foods, especially street foods or salads washed with unsafe water
Children and young adults are more vulnerable, although anyone can be affected.
Treatment
Prompt treatment is essential to prevent complications.
Antibiotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment (commonly azithromycin, ceftriaxone, or ciprofloxacin — depending on resistance patterns).
Hydration with oral or intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration.
Fever management with antipyretics and supportive care.
Nutritional support to restore energy and aid recovery.
In severe or resistant cases, hospitalization may be required for close monitoring and intravenous antibiotics.
Preventing typhoid fever relies on:
Vaccination (recommended for those living in or travelling to high-risk areas)
Safe food and water practices:
Drink only bottled or boiled water
Avoid raw fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled
Eat foods that are thoroughly cooked and served hot
Good hand hygiene: wash hands with soap and clean water, especially before eating and after using the toilet
Typhoid fever remains a preventable and treatable infection. Early recognition of symptoms, timely medical care, vaccination, and improved sanitation is key.
