17/06/2021
The three major variants of COVID
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What are variants and why are they important?
Variants are versions of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that have undergone changes, or mutations, in their structure.
This is something that happens to all viruses over time and most of the changes are insignificant.
But in some cases, these small alterations to the genetic code of the virus can affect how it behaves, such as helping it spread more easily or causing more severe disease.
A variant of interest is a version of the virus which causes community transmission or has been detected in multiple countries.
All three variants above are classified by the WHO as variants of concern.
The main form of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in South Africa is the 501Y.V2 or Beta variant — it still accounts for over 90% of COVID cases, says Richard Lessells, who was part of the team that first identified the variant and continues to follow it.
What does it mean for vaccinations?
Variants which are able to evade immunity could potentially make vaccines work less well.
In the case of the Beta variant, that has turned out to be true — and there is some evidence that it may also hold true for the Delta variant.
South Africa has already seen what happens when vaccines are put to the test against the Beta variant.
Both the Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca vaccine trials and took place last year as the Beta first began circulating.
Results from these trials showed how the jabs offered less protection in a South African context compared to other countries.
But this is where the baseline of a vaccine’s protection becomes important.
Just because variants can reduce a jab’s efficacy doesn’t render it completely pointless.
If the starting point for protection is high enough, then even with the dip in efficacy it is still worth using.
The above information is from Aisha Karim’s article “Three for three”. Please read for more information.