16/02/2026
Hemiplegic (Circumduction) Gait โ Biomechanics
Hemiplegic gait is a characteristic walking pattern seen in individuals with unilateral weakness, most commonly following a stroke or other upper motor neuron lesion. The affected side demonstrates impaired voluntary control, muscle weakness, spasticity, and abnormal synergies, all of which alter normal gait mechanics.
During the stance phase, the affected limb often remains in a rigid extended posture due to extensor spasticity. The hip stays extended and internally rotated, the knee remains extended, and the ankle is typically plantarflexed and inverted. This posture provides stability but reduces shock absorption and adaptability to ground surfaces. Weight bearing may be asymmetrical, with the patient shifting body weight toward the unaffected side for balance.
In the swing phase, inadequate hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion make limb clearance difficult. To compensate, the individual uses circumduction, swinging the affected leg outward in a semicircular motion. Hip hiking and lateral trunk lean toward the unaffected side may also occur to help clear the foot.
Foot positioning is often affected by foot drop and plantarflexor spasticity, causing the forefoot to contact the ground first instead of a normal heel strike. This leads to reduced shock absorption and increases fall risk. Toe drag during swing further reflects dorsiflexor weakness and impaired motor control.
Upper limb posture also reflects neurological involvement. The affected arm is commonly held in flexion with reduced arm swing, which disrupts normal counter-rotation and balance during walking. Reduced trunk rotation and poor postural adjustments further compromise gait efficiency.
Overall, hemiplegic gait is energy inefficient and increases fall risk due to poor limb clearance, asymmetrical loading, and balance deficits. Rehabilitation focuses on improving dorsiflexion, knee flexion, hip mobility, postural control, and symmetrical weight shifting to restore safer and more efficient walking patterns.