06/01/2026
WHAT IS IMPERIALISM, COLONIALISM AND OLIGARCHY?
SAFTU Educational Pamphlet – produced
1. What Is Imperialism?
Imperialism is a system where powerful countries dominate weaker countries so they can:
• Take control of natural resources (oil, minerals, land)
• Exploit cheap labour
• Control markets and trade
• Protect the wealth of big corporations and billionaires
Today, imperialism does not always look like old-style colonial rule. It works through:
• Multinational corporations
• Military bases and wars
• Economic sanctions
• Debt and unfair trade rules
What Marxists Mean by Imperialism
Karl Marx explained that capitalism is driven by profit. As it develops:
• Wealth becomes concentrated in a few hands
• Big companies destroy smaller ones
• Markets become saturated
Later Marxists explained that:
Imperialism is the highest and final stage of capitalism
At this stage:
• Big monopolies dominate the economy
• Banks and corporations control states
• Capital must expand beyond borders to survive
• War, instability and exploitation increase
👉 Imperialism is capitalism pushed to its extreme.
2. What Is Colonialism?
Colonialism is when one people invade, occupy and rule another people’s land by force.
Colonialism meant:
• Land was stolen
• People were forced into labour
• Local economies were destroyed
• Cultures and languages were suppressed
• Racism was used to justify violence
Colonialism Happened Across the World
Colonialism was not limited to Africa. Indigenous peoples were attacked and nearly wiped out in many parts of the world:
• Africa: all African peoples were conquered and dispossessed
• Australia: Aboriginal people faced genocide and land theft
• New Zealand: Māori land was seized through colonial wars
• The Americas: Indigenous nations were almost exterminated
• Asia: countries like India, Indonesia and Vietnam were colonised
👉 Colonialism was not civilisation — it was theft, violence and destruction.
3. Colonialism in Africa Was Imposed Through War
It is important to be clear:
Colonialism in Africa did not only affect the Khoi and San who were nearly exterminated.
All African peoples were colonised through violent conquest.
Across Southern Africa and the continent:
• African kingdoms and communities resisted
• Countless battles were fought to defend land and independence
• Colonial borders were drawn through war and bloodshed
Examples include:
• Xhosa Wars of Resistance
• Anglo-Zulu War (including Isandlwana)
• Basotho resistance under King Moshoeshoe
• Maji-Maji uprising (Tanzania)
• Herero and Nama resistance (Namibia – genocide)
👉 This history explains land dispossession, migrant labour and racial inequality today.
4. Colonialism and Imperialism Today (Neo-Colonialism)
Even after independence, many countries are not truly free.
Old Colonialism
Today’s Imperialism
Direct foreign rule
Indirect control
Settler armies
Corporations, debt, sanctions
Colonial governors
Local elites serving foreign interests
Open racism
“Markets” and “investors”
👉 Political freedom without economic control is neo-colonialism.
5. What Is an Oligarchy?
An oligarchy is a system where a small group of extremely wealthy people — billionaires — control the economy and the state.
In an oligarchy:
• Elections exist, but real power lies with the rich
• Laws protect wealth, not workers
• Public services are privatised
• Workers pay for economic crises
Today, imperialism is driven mainly by billionaire interests, not ordinary people.
6. Oligarchy in Practice: Trump and Putin
Donald Trump
Donald Trump does not act in the interests of ordinary Americans.
He advances the narrow interests of billionaires:
• Tax cuts mainly benefited the richest
• Billionaires were placed in charge of the state
• Labour and environmental protections were weakened
• Foreign policy served oil, arms and corporate profits
👉 “America First” is a slogan.
In reality, it means “Billionaires First.”
Vladimir Putin
In Russia, wealth and power are also concentrated among oligarchs close to the state, while workers’ rights and unions are suppressed.
👉 Different countries — same system of elite rule.
7. Imperialist Wars, Coups and Regime Change
Imperialism is enforced through violence:
• Wars: Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Vietnam
• Coups: Iran (1953), Chile (1973), Congo (Lumumba)
• Regime-change operations: Venezuela, Haiti, Syria
These actions are not about democracy.
They are about resources, markets and profits.
8. Why SAFTU Is Internationalis
Capital operates across borders.
Workers must also unite across borders.
SAFTU believes:
• Workers everywhere face the same system
• Borders divide workers, not capital
• Solidarity is our strongest weapon
9. Why SAFTU Is Pan-Africanist
Africa is rich, but Africans remain poor because:
• Resources are exported raw
• Industry is destroyed
• Profits leave the continent
• Local elites serve foreign interests
Pan-Africanism means:
• Unity of African workers
• Industrial development
• Control over our resources
• Development that serves the people
10. Why SAFTU Is Socialist
Capitalism has produced:
• Mass unemployment
• Extreme inequality
• Environmental destruction
• Endless wars
Socialism means:
• Public ownership of key industries
• Democratic worker control
• Production for human needs, not profit
• Dignity, equality and justice
CONCLUSION
Imperialism, colonialism and oligarchy are connected systems of exploitation.
That is why South African Federation of Trade Unions (SAFTU) is:
• Internationalist
• Pan-Africanist
• Socialist
People before profits.
Workers before billionaires.
Solidarity against exploitation.