Doctor for life.

23/02/2025

🟢🟢ACHALASIA

Achalasia is a neurogenic esophageal motility disorder characterized by impaired esophageal peristalsis and a lack of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation during swallowing.

Etiology of the denervation is unknown, but viral and autoimmune causes are suspected, and certain tumors may cause achalasia.

Achalasia occurs at any age but usually begins between ages 20 and 60. Onset is insidious, and progression is gradual over months or years.

Symptoms are slowly progressive dysphagia, usually to both liquids and solids, and regurgitation of undigested food

Mild to moderate weight loss occurs; when weight loss is pronounced, particularly in older adults whose symptoms of dysphagia developed rapidly, pseudoachalasia secondary to a tumor of the gastroesophageal junction should be considered.

Evaluation typically includes manometry, barium swallow, and endoscopy.

Treatments include dilation, botulinum toxin injection, surgical myotomy, and peroral endoscopic myotomy.

23/02/2025

23/02/2025

🟢🟢Herpes Zoster Ophtalmicus

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus also called Shingles is a reactivated latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection involving the eye.

After the primary infection, latency is established in the sensory ganglion. VZV-specific T cell–mediated immunity maintains VZV in the latent state. Viral reactivation results when immunity declines due to age, illness, or immunosuppression. Herpes zoster of the forehead involves the globe in three fourths of cases when the nasociliary nerve is affected (as indicated by a lesion on the tip of the nose) and in one third of cases not involving the tip of the nose. Overall, the globe is involved in half of patients. Varicella zoster virus is highly contagious and transmission may occur by direct contact with an ulcerated skin lesion or airborne aerosols.

Symptoms and signs, which may be severe, include unilateral dermatomal forehead rash and painful inflammation of all the tissues of the anterior and, rarely, posterior structures of the eye.

Diagnosis is based on the characteristic appearance of the anterior structures of the eye plus ipsilateral zoster dermatitis of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1).

Treatment is with oral antivirals, mydriatics, and topical corticosteroids.

23/02/2025

🟢🟢PSORIASIS

Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease that manifests most commonly as well-circumscribed, erythematous papules and plaques covered with silvery scales.
Multiple factors contribute, including genetics. Common triggers include trauma, infection, and certain medications.

Symptoms are usually minimal, but mild to severe itching may occur.
Cosmetic implications may be major. Some people also develop psoriatic arthritis.

Diagnosis is based on appearance and distribution of lesions.

Treatment can include topical treatments, phototherapy, and, when severe, systemic medications.

21/02/2025

🟢🟢 Choledocholithiasis

Choledocholithiasis is the presence of stones in bile ducts; the stones can form in the gallbladder or in the ducts themselves.
These stones cause biliary colic, biliary obstruction, gallstone pancreatitis, or cholangitis (bile duct infection and inflammation).
Cholangitis, in turn, can lead to strictures, stasis, and choledocholithiasis.

Diagnosis usually requires visualization by ultrasonography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Early endoscopic or surgical decompression is indicated.

19/02/2025

🟢 Breastfeeding

The outer breast consists of a ni**le and ar**la. The tip of the ni**le contains several hole openings allowing for milk to flow through during lactation. The ar**la is the pigmented area around the ni**le. It is covered with glands that secrete oil to lubricate the ni**le and ar**la.��The primary function of female breasts is to produce milk in order to nourish an infant, a process called lactation.��The breasts, which are composed primarily of fatty tissue, also contain milk-producing glands called lobules. Lobules are connected to the ni**le by a network of tubes called milk ducts. The breasts produce milk from water and nutrients removed from the bloodstream. The milk is stored in the lobules until the hormone oxytocin signals the tiny muscles in the lobules to contract, and push the milk through the ducts. This process is called let-down reflex, or the milk-ejection reflex. ��Though babies are born with a natural sucking reflex, they must still learn to breastfeed. During breastfeeding, it is important that the infant maintain appropriate mouth-ni**le placement; this assures that the baby is receiving a proper amount of milk and that breastfeeding experience will be successful. The appropriate latch-on position is for the ni**le be placed far in the back of the baby’s mouth, almost to where the hard palate meets the soft palate. If a baby sucks only on the tip of the ni**le or does not have enough breast tissue in the mouth, it can cause the mother to have sore or cracked ni**les.

# Everyone

19/02/2025

🟢🟢🟢Postpartum Depression (PPD)

Postpartum depression is depressive symptoms during the first year after delivery that last > 2 weeks and meet criteria for major depression.

7% of women during the first year after delivery may develop PPD. Although every woman is at risk, women with the following are at higher risk:

* Postpartum blues (eg, rapid mood swings, irritability, anxiety, decreased concentration, insomnia, crying spells)
* Prior episode of postpartum depression
* Prior diagnosis of depression
* Family history of depression
* Significant life stressors (eg, relationship conflict, stressful events in the last year, financial difficulties, parenting with no partner, partner with depression)
Lack of support from partner or family members (eg, financial or child care support)
* History of mood changes temporally associated with menstrual cycles or oral contraceptive use
* Prior or current poor obstetric outcomes (eg, previous miscarriage, preterm delivery, neonate admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, an infant with a congenital malformation)
* Prior or continuing ambivalence about the current pregnancy (eg, because it was unplanned or termination was considered)
* Problems with breastfeeding

The exact etiology of postpartum depression is unknown; however, prior depression is the major risk, and hormonal changes during the puerperium, sleep deprivation, and genetic susceptibility may contribute.

Transient depressive symptoms (baby blues) is very common during the first week after delivery. Postpartum blues typically lasts 2 to 3 days (up to 2 weeks) and is relatively mild; in contrast, postpartum depression lasts > 2 weeks and is disabling, interfering with activities of daily living.

Symptoms of postpartum depression are similar to those of major depression and may include

* Extreme sadness
* Mood swings
* Uncontrollable crying
* Insomnia or increased sleep
* Loss of appetite or overeating
* Irritability and anger
* Headaches and body aches and pains
* Extreme fatigue
* Unrealistic worries about or disinterest in the baby
* A feeling of being incapable of caring for the baby or of being inadequate as a mother
* Fear of harming the baby
* Guilt about her feelings
* Suicidal ideation
* Anxiety or panic attacks

Typically, symptoms develop insidiously over 3 months, but onset can be more sudden. Postpartum depression interferes with women’s ability to care for themselves and their baby.

Women may not bond with their infant, resulting in emotional, social, and cognitive problems in the child later.

Partners may also be at increased risk of depression, and depression in either parent may result in relationship stress.

Without treatment, postpartum depression can resolve spontaneously or become chronic depression. Risk of recurrence is about 1 in 3 to 4.

Other potential psychiatric disorders in the postpartum period include anxiety and, rarely, postpartum psychosis.

Untreated postpartum psychiatric disorders increase the risk of su***de and infanticide, which are the most severe complications.

19/10/2024

🟢🟢🟢🟢🟢🟢🟢🟢🟢
Cysticercosis

A tissue infection caused by the young form of the pork tapeworm. Affected people may have few or no symptoms for years.
In some cases, particularly in Asia, solid nodules of one to two centimeters can develop under the skin. After months or years, these nodules may become painful and swollen and then disappear. A specific form called neurocysticercosis, which affects the brain, can cause neurological symptoms. In developing countries, it is one of the most common causes of seizures Cysticerci can develop in any voluntary muscle. Invasion of the muscle can cause inflammation of the muscle, accompanied by fever, eosinophilia and an increase in its size, which begins as muscle swelling and then progresses to atrophy and scarring. In most cases, it is asymptomatic since the cysticerci die and calcify.

19/10/2024

Ichthyosis vulgaris

Also called "autosomal dominant ichthyosis" and "ichthyosis simplex" is a skin disease causing dry, scaly skin. This is the most common form of ichthyosis and one of the mildest and affects about 1 in 250 people. This is why it is called common ichthyosis. It is usually an autosomal dominant inherited disease (often associated with filaggrin), although there is a rare non-hereditary version called acquired ichthyosis.

16/01/2024

Hyperlipidemia💉

A condition characterized by high levels of fat particles (lipids) in the blood. Two examples of lipids are cholesterol and triglycerides.

These substances can be deposited on the walls of blood vessels and limit blood flow to organs. As a result, the risk of heart attack and stroke increases.

31/12/2023

HAPPY NEW YEAR 2024 TO EVERYONE.🎇🎆

May happiness, success, and prosperity be with us all this year and in the years to come.❤❤❤❤

16/12/2023

Depression in children

⛔What are the symptoms of depression in children

The symptoms of depression in children are irritability, aggressiveness, overwhelming excitement, or even a tendency to isolate, or a loss of interest in play. Unusual school difficulties, appetite disturbances or loss of self-esteem.
These disorders are most often sudden and lasting In adolescents, we observe provocative behaviors: drug or alcohol abuse, running away, delinquency, self-mutilation, eating disorders, etc.

⛔What are the warning signs in children?

Parents should remain alert to possible symptoms of depression in their child. These behaviors often appear suddenly: He encounters difficulties at school, which he did not encounter before. His results are deteriorating, he has difficulty concentrating, he is often lost in his thoughts, he is withdrawn or, conversely, disrupts the class. He often has mood swings. He alternates between phases of irritability where he gets angry easily, and phases of withdrawal where he no longer has a taste for anything.
He disdains activities that amused him until then, video games, sports, games with friends, reading, etc.
He is sad and displays a strong tendency towards self-depreciation (“I’m worthless”, “No one likes me”).

He eats a lot or has no appetite. His weight curve varies by more than 5% in a month or shows an unusual delay.
He is bored and watches television excessively late. He has difficulty falling asleep, his sleep is disturbed, he has nightmares; he is tired and grumpy during the day.
He frequently complains of headaches or stomach aches.