Extra Lessons For Student Nurses

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03/12/2024

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17/02/2022

TONGUE TIE

By Chipo James Mainda

Tongue-tie, also known as ankyloglossia, is a congenital condition some babies are born with that limits their tongue movements or motion. Full range of motion lets the child make different sounds when he/she speak. It also helps the child swallow and sweep away bits of food to keep the mouth clean.

But for babies with tongue-tie, there’s a problem with the lingual frenulum. That’s the small stretch of tissue that connects the underside of the tongue to the bottom of the mouth. It might be too short and tight, or attached way up near the tip of the tongue. Either way, it ties the tongue in place. For some, it’s not much of an issue. For others, it can lead to problems breastfeeding. Later on, it can affect eating and speaking.

Usually, the lingual frenulum separates from the tongue before the baby is born. But sometimes, it doesn’t. The actual cause is unknown but It may run in families. Boys are 3 times more likely to get it than girls.

Symptoms of tongue-tie range from mild to severe. The tongue may appear to be heart-shaped or may have a notch in it. In some cases, tongue-tie is mild enough that symptoms do not interfere with daily life.

Tongue-tie may cause the following symptoms in infants;
* Difficulty latching when breastfeeding
* Breastfeeding for extended periods of time
* Constant hunger
* Trouble gaining weight
* A clicking sound while the infant is feeding

In young children, tongue-tie symptoms may include;
* Speech impairments
* Swallowing difficulties
* Difficulty moving the tongue toward the roof of the mouth or from side to side

There are two ways to take care of tongue-tie:
* Frenotomy
* Frenuloplasty
Both treatments are usually very successful and prevent any speech, dental, or eating problems. It’s rare for either one to cause issues. As with any medical procedure, though, there are risks, such as;
* Bleeding
* Damage to the tongue or the glands that make saliva
* Infection

For more join our daily online lessons on Whatsapp 0977353901.

17/02/2022

CHICKEN POX

By Chipo James Mainda

Chicken pox is a common illness among children especially under the age of 12, though it can affect any age and s*x, it is more common in children with low immunity. It is one of the most readily transmitted of all common communicable diseases. A short exposure is sufficient to infect a susceptible host. An itchy rash appear all over the body which may be accompanied by flue like symptoms. Symptoms usually go away without any treatment but an infected child should stay home and rest until the symptoms subside. However, severe cases may require admission.

Chickenpox is also known as varicella, is a highly infectious disease caused by varicella zoster virus, characterized by an itchy, blister like rash of the whole body. The rash starts on the chest, back, and face. It then spread to the rest of the body. The incubation period is 2-3 weeks, usually is 14-16 days. It is caused by varicella zoster virus belonging to herpes virus family. It is spread through respiratory droplets/airborne, via direct contact with an infected person such as fluids from a chicken pox blister, and through contaminated objects.

Chickenpox is spread easily through cough or sneezes of I'll individuals or through direct contact with secretions from the rash. The varicella zoster virus enters the respiratory tract where it'll infect epithelial cells and start to multiply causing viremia which result in primary infection. During the primary infection, the virus becomes widely disseminated in the body. The virus then through the bloodstream reaches the skin and cause necrosis and epidermal bleeding resulting in vesicular rash to the whole body. The rash will fill with fluids as the white blood cells fights the infection. During this primary infection, the virus is also present in the nasopharyngeal secretions and may be transmitted readily by coughing and sneezing. If the immunity of the child is strong enough, the infection will be cleared and usually there's a lifelong protective immunity from further episodes of chickenpox. In normal subjects, the infection just produces significant lesions in the skin and mucous membranes, but the virus may settle in the spinal cord (dorsal root) from the skin via the sensory nerves and remains dormant there. Usually in adult it can be reactivated due to immune suppression conditions such as HIV and then cause a different viral infection called shingles (herpes zoster).

17/02/2022

LEUKAEMIA

By Chipo James Mainda

Leukaemia is a malignant disease that is characterized by hyperplasia (rapid multiplication) of white blood cells and their precursors. It is a form of cancer in which the body produces too many abnormal white blood cells.

One of the function of bones is hematopoiesis (which is the process of production of blood cells which continues throughout life replacing aged cells). Normally, blood production occur in the bone marrow to a specific stem cell called hematopoietic stem cell. During blood production, hematopoietic stem cell give rise to two main blood precursors namely:
1. Myeloblastic linage
2. Lymphoblastic linage

The lymphoblastic linage will mature to form lymphocytes, which are white blood cells. This further will be divided to form B and T lymphocytes. On the other linage (myeloblastic linage), the myeloblastic precursors will mature into erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes. In this linage, leukocytes will further be divided to form granulocytes and monocytes.

Once the various blood cells form, they leave the bone marrow and travel around the blood vessels to perform their various functions. Erythrocytes carry oxygen to all parts of the body, white blood cells fight invading foreign invaders, while thrombocytes are involved in the process of blood clotting.

The actual cause of leukaemia is unknown however, the predisposing factors may include;
* Exposure to radiations
* Exposure to chemicals such such benzene
* Some viruses
* Generics because it tends to occur in some families
* Chemotherapy.

These factors disturb the normal production of blood cells inside the bone marrow resulting in hyper production of the white blood cells only. Leukaemia has two effects on the body.

First, the white blood cells may not mature properly as they develop. They may lack the ability to kill microorganisms in the bloodstream. This defect seriously damages the immune system and the body loses its ability to fight infections. This will then lead to frequent infections, enlarged lymph nodes, fever etc

Secondly, so many white blood cells may form that they pack the bone marrow until there is not enough room for red blood cells and thrombocytes to develop. Without erythrocytes, the body's cells do not get enough oxygen, and the condition known as anaemia develops. Without thrombocytes, blood can not clot properly and simple injuries can lead to serious blood loss.

24/11/2021

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