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25/01/2025

21/01/2025

Stages of Delivery

1. Early Labor

⏳ Cervix dilates to 3 cm, contractions start mild and irregular.

2. Active Labor

🏃 Cervix dilates from 4 to 7 cm, contractions get stronger and more frequent.

3. Transition Phase

🚨 Most intense stage, cervix dilates from 8 to 10 cm.

4. Pushing and Birth

👶 Time to push and welcome your baby into the world!

5. Delivery of the Placenta

🌿 The placenta is delivered within 30 minutes after the baby.

18/01/2025

is a rare phenomenon in which twins have different biological fathers. This occurs when a woman releases multiple eggs during a single menstrual cycle and has sexual relations with more than one partner around the time of ovulation. If s***m from both partners fertilizes the eggs, the resulting twins can have different genetic fathers.

Key Points:

Mechanism: A woman can release multiple eggs in one cycle (multiple ovulation). If she has sexual in*******se with different men within a short timeframe, both men’s s***m can fertilize the eggs.

Frequency: While exact statistics are hard to determine, heteropaternal superfecundation is quite rare. Most twin pregnancies involve eggs fertilized by a single s***m from one father.

Genetic Testing: In cases where paternity is uncertain or when twins show significantly different physical traits, genetic testing can reveal if they have different fathers.

Legal and Social Implications: Cases of heteropaternal superfecundation can lead to complex legal and social situations regarding paternity and child support, especially if the parents are not in a committed relationship.

Notable Cases: There have been documented cases in various parts of the world, often highlighted in media or scientific literature due to their unusual nature.

Fast care dental & nursing

18/01/2025

Life is spiritual 😁😁😁

Dentist appointment

18/01/2025

NMCZ RESULTS LOADING

Confirm you're among the successful candidate in jesus name

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10/01/2025

Which procedure to treat the condition

10/01/2025

What is the treatment of gums swelling

10/01/2025

FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS

1. Kidneys get rid of toxic substances from the body
2. Kidneys have a role in the produce a substance (a hormone called erythropoietin) that plays a big role in the production of red blood cells which are critical in carrying oxygen in our bodies
3. They regulate fluid balance in the body
4. They also play a role in the control Blood pressure

Injury to the kidney by any chance may lead to accumulation of body toxins and fluid, increased blood pressure, heart failure and patient may have anemia (Low haemoglobin due to reduction in red blood cell production). When the kidney therefore fails in its functions dialysis is prescribed as treatment. There are two types of dialysis usually prescribed to patients whose kidneys have lost most of their function. These are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF KIDNEY FAILURE:👇

1. Decreased urine output, although occasionally urine output remains normal
2. Fluid retention, causing swelling in your legs, ankles or feet
3. Shortness of breath
4. Fatigue
5. Confusion
6. Nausea
7. Body Weakness
8. Irregular heartbeat
9. Seizures or coma in severe cases
10. If chronic, patient may have anaemia and may also experience bone pain and their bones can fracture easily



HOW TO TAKE CARE OF THE KIDNEY

1. Keep active and fit.
2. If diabetic, ensure that your blood sugar is well managed.
3. Monitor blood pressure and if hypertensive, ensure your blood pressure is well controlled.
4. Monitor your weight and eat healthy.
5. Ensure you hydrate adequately.
6. Lifestyle adjustments are necessary and these will include adjusting social activities such as smoking and alcohol intake.
7. Reduce self-medication as some drugs which people commonly take can injure the kidneys.
8. Have your kidney function check up frequently

09/01/2025

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation, airway obstruction, and spasm of the bronchial tubes, resulting in recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.

Here are some key points about asthma:

- Causes: Genetics, environmental factors, allergies, respiratory infections, and air pollution.
- Symptoms: Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and rapid breathing.
- Diagnosis: Medical history, physical exam, lung function tests (spirometry), and allergy tests.
- Treatment: Inhalers (bronchodilators and corticosteroids), medication, lifestyle changes, and avoiding triggers.

If you have specific questions or concerns about asthma, feel free to ask!

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09/01/2025

CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE ( CCF)

QUESTIONS AND MARKING KEY
1. Define congestive cardiac failure 5%
2. Draw a well lebelled diagram of the heart and showing the flow of blood.20%
3. State 5 causes of heart failure 10%
4. State 5 signs and symptoms 10%
5. Discuss the nursing care plan you will give 50%
6. State 5 complications of CCF 10%
7. Outline the IEC you will provide 20%
DEFINITION

Congestive cardiac failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients caused by reduced blood volume ,pulmonary colpulmonale ,valvular disease ,ischaemia ,myocardial infarction ,coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis characterised by orthopnoea ,insomnia ,ascites ,dyspnoea ,noctural dyspnoea ,distended jungular vein and cough .
CAUSES OF CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
• Reduced blood volume due to dehydration and haemorrhage, this results in a reduction in the flow of blood to the heart thereby reducing its cardiac output.
• Increased blood volume-this can be due to excessive intravenous fluids, sodium and water retention; this increases the workload of the heart.
• Valvular heart disease for example Rheumatic heart disease- this results in valvular stenosis or regurgitation.
• Damage to the heart muscle from either ischaemia(myocardial infarction) or inflammation process(myocardiatis).
• Pulmonary disease and coronary artery disease .
• Arteriosclerotic disease-it’s a condition characterized by hardening and loss of elasticity of walls.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Dyspnoea or shortness of breathe- It results from congestion of the patient’s lungs owing to pulmonary engorgement. Orthopnoea- inability to breath well while in recumbecy.
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea- This is dyspnoea which awakes the patient from sleep and forces him/her to get out of bed to catch their breathe.
• Cough- the cough is productive with large frothy blood tinged sputum.
• Anorexia and nausea- these develop secondary to venous