Medical Hub

06/12/2025

06/12/2025

Muzako asila blood 🩸
Imwe ati

"aaaawww😍 You're glowing "

06/12/2025

📌 WHAT IS TOOTH DECAY?

Tooth decay, also called dental caries is the breakdown of the tooth’s enamel by acids produced by bacteria in the mouth.

📌WHAT CAUSES IT?

- Poor oral hygiene 🪥

- High consumption of sugary or acidic foods and beverages 🍹

- Presence of bacteria in the mouth that break down food to form acid 🦠

📌 THE TOOTH DECAYS IN 4 STAGES;

- Demineralization: The earliest stage where acids cause the loss of minerals from the teeth surface.

- Enamel decay: Here, acids go a step further to wear down the enamel, and create holes in the tooth.

- Dentin decay: Dentin is the layer under the enamel. When cavities are not filled, decay gets to the dentin.

- Pulp damage: The pulp is the last stage of the tooth and contain nerves and blood vessels.

The damage is advanced when it gets to the pulp, it causes pain and infection.

📌 WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?

- Tooth sensitivity, especially to hot or cold foods

- Visible holes or pits in the teeth
- Toothache or pain when chewing
- Discoloration or teeth stain
- Bad breath or bad taste in the mouth

📌 HOW CAN YOU PREVENT DECAY?

You can prevent it by improving oral health and making better food choices.

- Brush 2x a day with a fluoride toothpaste

Fluoride strengthens the enamel and makes the teeth more resistant to decay.

- Floss daily: Flossing removes plaques and food particles between the teeth.

- Limit sugary and acidic foods

Bacteria in the mouth thrives on sugar to produce acid which erodes the enamel.

- Get regular dental checkups

Visit your dentist every 6 months for professional cleanings and exams

- Eat a balanced diet

Diet rich in fruits and vegetables helps strengthen the teeth.

📌 - Stay hydrated

Water helps in washing away food particles from the mouth and keeps it hydrated.

- Avoid smoking and reduce alcohol intake

Smoking and alcohol increases your risk of gum disease and tooth decay.

📌Bottom line

The simple act of brushing 2x daily goes a long way in preventing decay.

A healthy teeth translates to a healthy body and mind.

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06/12/2025

HIV & AIDS

HIV is a virus that quietly attacks the body’s defense system that helps us fight everyday infections.

It specifically goes for the CD4 cells.

CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that helps protect your body from infections by destroying harmful bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.

When HIV is left untreated for a long time, it can weaken the immune system so much that the person becomes extremely vulnerable to different illnesses.

That advanced stage is what we call AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

You can have HIV for a while without knowing, which is why getting tested is very important.

🏷️SYMPTOMS OF HIV

HIV acts differently in different people.
In the early weeks after infection, many people feel nothing at all. Others may have flu-like symptoms:

-Fever
-Sore throat
-Tiredness
-Rash
-Swollen glands
-Night sweats

After that stage, HIV becomes quieter, but it continues weakening the immune system over time. As the immune system drops, the body starts sending warning signs like:

-swollen lymph nodes
-Rapid weight loss
-Long-lasting fever
-Chromic diarrhoea
-Persistent cough
-Repeated infection
-Skin changes

If it is not treated, other infections like tuberculosis, meningitis, severe bacterial infections or certain cancers can take advantage of the weakened immune system.

🏷️HOW HIV SPREADS FROM PERSON TO PERSON

HIV spreads through:

-unprotected vaginal or a**l s*x
-sharing sharp or unsterile instruments
-blood transfusions that are unsafe
-sharing needles
-mother-to-child transmission

HIV does not spread through:
-kissing
-hugging
-sharing food
-sharing toilets
-touching someone with HIV
-sharing cups
-mosquitoe bite

People taking ARTs with an undetectable viral load cannot transmit HIV to their partners.
This is what leads to the U = U fact:
Undetectable = Untransmittable.

🏷️RISK FACTORS

Certain behaviours increase the chance of getting HIV:

-S*x without a condom
-Having another STI
-Alcohol or drugs during s*x (poor judgment, risky behaviour)
-Sharing needles
-Unsafe medical procedures or needle injuries

These are simply risks not judgments.

Every human being deserves compassion, safety and access to treatment.

🏷️PREVENTION

You can reduce your risk by:

-Using condoms correctly every time you have s*x
-Not sharing needles
-Getting tested regularly
-Treating any s*xually transmitted infections
-Avoiding alcohol or drugs that can lead to risky behaviour
-Using PrEP f you are at high risk
-Using PEP within 72 hours after a possible exposure

🏷️DIAGNOSIS

The only way to know your status is to get tested. Tests can be done using blood or saliva. If you test positive, follow-up tests will be done to confirm it.
👇

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06/12/2025

😓 Imagine a simple infection becoming untreatable. That’s antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

💊 AMR happens when dangerous bacteria and viruses become resistant to life-saving medicines, making treatment difficult or even impossible.

🤒 AMR means the medicines we rely on may stop working.

*You can help prevent this:*

💊 Only take antibiotics when prescribed by a qualified health professional.

🚫 Never share or use leftover medicines.

💦 Wash your hands regularly and prepare food safely.

💉 Keep your vaccinations up to date to prevent infections before they start.

🐾 Support responsible antibiotic use in animals and encourage sustainable farming.

Every careful action helps preserve the power of medicines. Today and for generations to come.


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20/11/2025

🔥 Approach to Hyperglycemia — High-Yield Review
💧 Classic signs → Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
📉 Watch for rapid unexplained weight loss, neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, or macrovascular disease.
🤢 Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain + Kussmaul breathing → think DKA.
🧠 Altered mental status + glucose >600 + osmolality >320 → HHS emergency.

📊 Diagnostic cutoffs:
➡️ RBS >200 + symptoms
➡️ FBS ≥126
➡️ 2HPP/OGTT ≥200
➡️ HbA1c >6.5%

🧪 Differentiate types:
🩸 Type 1 DM → autoantibodies + low fasting insulin + low C-peptide
🩸 Type 2 DM → no antibodies + ↑ insulin + ↑ C-peptide

⚠️ DKA → glucose >250 + anion-gap acidosis + ketones
⚠️ HHS → glucose >600 + no acidosis + no ketones + severe dehydration

💧 Management → Fluids + Insulin + Electrolyte repletion + treat trigger

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20/11/2025

Inflammed Appendix

20/11/2025

A toddler’s life saved!

A male, two years old child was brought to the Emergency Room at Lewanika General Hospital in Mongu. Presenting with complaints of vomiting after each feed, including water. He also was complaining of pain on the throat.

Five hours had elapsed from the time the child swallowed the 50 Ngwee coin, to the time he was brought to the hospital. Having tried all they could to help the Child from home, feeding him Bananas and Nshima to push the Coin down, their efforts were only met with failure and hopelessness mixed with fear.

Upon examination by the Medical Doctor, the child was stable but easily agitated and crying. He vomited twice in ER, but was not in Respiratory distress. His Vital Signs were stable, and no abnormalities were detected.

X-ray was done and confirmed a Diagnosis of foreign body in Oesophagus. The Child was wheeled to theater where he was made to sleep by anaesthesia with intubation to secure Airway.

A Foley Catheter and Magil Forceps was used, guided by a Laryngoscope, the vocal cords were identified and access to the Oesophagus was gained.

The Catheter was advanced in the Oesophagus by Magil Forceps until Foreign Body was bypassed, measurements from tip of Nose to Xiphoid Process were done.

The Foley's Catheter balloon was inflated with air and gently pulled to prevent rupture of Oesophagus until the Coin came out and was picked up by Forceps.

The Coin was shown to the parents and Counseling was done on dangers of playing with Coins. Child was able to feed with no complaints, and was discharged after three days.

Previously, such patients were referred to the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka for removal at a huge Cost. But now, Lewanika General Hospital is able to remove the Coins, especially with the addition of a New Surgeon, using Simple practical techniques. Saving hospital financial resources.

-Lewanika General Hospital Public Relations

Medical Hub

07/11/2025

JUST IN:

ZAMRA has approved the six-monthly injectable ARV – Lenacapavir for HIV prevention.



MEDICAL HUB 🩺

07/11/2025

07/11/2025

07/11/2025

Let’s be careful

when we say take Folic acid during pregnancy,kindly do so with maximum adherence to avoid conditions like this (anencephaly).