Medical Hub

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Medical Hub 🩺

Owned by Michael Chiwila Jr 🩺, we Inform, Educate, and Enlighten the public on causes, Symptoms, Signs, Risk factors & Treatments of Diseases.

How old is your axtoothbrush?
05/09/2025

How old is your axtoothbrush?

📌 ANTIHYPERTENSIVES (Blood Pressure drugs)Make sure you follow this page so as to learn everyday.🔹 DefinitionAntihyperte...
05/09/2025

📌 ANTIHYPERTENSIVES (Blood Pressure drugs)
Make sure you follow this page so as to learn everyday.

🔹 Definition

Antihypertensives are drugs used to lower high blood pressure and manage cardiovascular conditions like heart failure, angina, and arrhythmias.

🔹 Major classes & common examples

1. Diuretics (water pills)

Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), Chlorthalidone, Indapamide

Loop: Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide

Potassium-sparing: Spironolactone, Amiloride, Eplerenone

2. Beta-blockers (β-blockers)

Cardioselective: Atenolol, Metoprolol, Bisoprolol, Nebivolol

Non-selective: Propranolol, Nadolol, Timolol

With alpha-blocking activity: Carvedilol, Labetalol

3. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

Dihydropyridines: Amlodipine, Nifedipine, Felodipine

Non-dihydropyridines: Verapamil, Diltiazem

4. ACE Inhibitors

Lisinopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Captopril, Perindopril

5. ARBs (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers)

Losartan, Valsartan, Telmisartan, Olmesartan, Irbesartan

6. Alpha-blockers

Prazosin, Doxazosin, Terazosin

7. Central Acting Agents

Methyldopa, Clonidine, Moxonidine

8. Direct Vasodilators

Hydralazine, Minoxidil

9. Other special agents

Aliskiren (direct renin inhibitor)

Isosorbide dinitrate (for heart failure with hydralazine in some patients)

🔹 Main Uses (Therapeutic Indications)

Primary hypertension (all classes depending on patient profile)

Heart failure: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Beta-blockers, Spironolactone

Angina (chest pain): Beta-blockers, CCBs

Arrhythmias: Beta-blockers, Verapamil, Amiodarone (not first-line BP)

Post-heart attack (MI): Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors

Pregnancy hypertension/preeclampsia: Methyldopa, Labetalol, Hydralazine

Kidney protection in diabetics: ACE inhibitors, ARBs

🔹 Side Effects (Class-Based)

Diuretics: frequent urination, low potassium (except spironolactone), gout

Beta-blockers: fatigue, bradycardia, cold extremities, worsen asthma, erectile dysfunction

CCBs (Amlodipine/Nifedipine): ankle swelling, flushing, headache, dizziness

Verapamil/Diltiazem: constipation, slow heart rate

ACE inhibitors: persistent dry cough, high potassium, angioedema

ARBs: similar to ACE inhibitors but no cough

Alpha-blockers: dizziness, fainting (esp. first dose), nasal congestion

Methyldopa: sedation, depression, liver problems

Clonidine: dry mouth, rebound hypertension if stopped suddenly

Hydralazine/Minoxidil: headache, fluid retention, reflex tachycardia, Minoxidil → hair growth

🔹 Contraindications

❌ Beta-blockers → asthma, severe bradycardia, heart block

❌ ACE inhibitors/ARBs → pregnancy, bilateral renal artery stenosis, history of angioedema

❌ Diuretics → gout (thiazides), renal failure (HCTZ ineffective if GFR

Pregnant women every second in front of a mirror.Medical Hub 🩺
26/08/2025

Pregnant women every second in front of a mirror.

Medical Hub 🩺

The is a condition known as a nuchal cord, which occurs when the umbilical cord becomes wrapped around the fetus’s neck....
26/08/2025

The is a condition known as a nuchal cord, which occurs when the umbilical cord becomes wrapped around the fetus’s neck. This is a relatively common finding, especially in late pregnancy, and in many cases does not cause harm. However, depending on the tightness and number of loops, a nuchal cord can lead to complications such as restricted blood flow, reduced oxygen delivery, or distress during labor and delivery.

The umbilical cord serves as the fetus’s lifeline, delivering oxygen and nutrients from the placenta and removing waste products. When it becomes wrapped around the neck, it can potentially compress the cord, especially during contractions or descent through the birth canal. This compression may cause variable decelerations in the fetal heart rate, a sign that the fetus may be under stress.

During labor, if a nuchal cord is identified via ultrasound or suspected based on heart rate patterns, careful monitoring is required. In most deliveries, the provider can simply slip the cord over the baby’s head once the head is delivered. Rarely, if the cord is too tight, it may need to be clamped and cut before the body is delivered — a more urgent situation requiring rapid action to avoid complications.

While alarming in appearance, most babies with a nuchal cord are born healthy. Prenatal monitoring and skilled obstetric management help ensure good outcomes in these situations.

MEDICAL HUB 🩺.

Sacrococcygeal teratomaMedical Hub 🩺
24/08/2025

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

Medical Hub 🩺

The womb is a remarkable and vital organ that nurtures and supports the growth of a new life. The womb is an incredible ...
24/08/2025

The womb is a remarkable and vital organ that nurtures and supports the growth of a new life.

The womb is an incredible symbol of femininity, strength, and life-giving power.

Another remarkable aspect of the womb is its ability to adapt and change throughout pregnancy.

The womb undergoes significant transformations to accommodate the growing fetus, from implantation to birth. This incredible adaptability is a testament to the amazing capabilities of the female body!

Medical Hub 🩺

Understanding Cervical Dilation: How the Body Prepares for BirthCervical dilation — the gradual opening of the cervix — ...
24/08/2025

Understanding Cervical Dilation: How the Body Prepares for Birth

Cervical dilation — the gradual opening of the cervix — is one of the key processes that signals the progression of labor and the approach of childbirth. The cervix, located at the lower end of the uterus, opens into the va**na and must expand from completely closed (0 cm) to fully open (10 cm) to allow a baby to pass through the birth canal.

The Four Stages of Dilation

1. Early Labor (0–3 cm)
In this initial stage, the cervix begins to open slightly, from 0 to 3 centimeters. Contractions are generally mild, irregular, and may last 30–45 seconds, occurring every 5–30 minutes. For first-time mothers, this phase can last many hours — or even days.

2. Active Labor (4–7 cm)
Here, the cervix opens more quickly, reaching 4 to 7 centimeters. Contractions intensify, becoming more regular at intervals of 3–5 minutes, each lasting 45–60 seconds. This stage typically lasts between 4 and 8 hours.

3. Transition Phase (8–10 cm)
The final stretch before full dilation, this phase sees the cervix open from 8 to 10 centimeters. Contractions are extremely strong and frequent — every 2–3 minutes, lasting 60–90 seconds. Though the shortest stage (30 minutes to 2 hours), it is often the most intense.

4. Complete Dilation (10 cm)
Once the cervix reaches 10 centimeters, it is fully open and the pushing stage begins. This allows the baby to travel through the birth canal and be delivered.

What Affects the Speed of Dilation?
Several factors influence how quickly the cervix dilates:
Previous births: Women with prior va**nal deliveries often dilate faster.
Contraction strength: Stronger, more effective contractions help speed the process.
Baby’s position and size: A favorable position can make dilation easier.
Emotional state: Stress or anxiety can slow progress, while calm, supportive environments may help labor advance.

By monitoring cervical dilation, healthcare providers can gauge the pace of labor and determine the best course of care, ensuring both mother and baby remain safe throughout the birthing process.

MEDICAL HUB 🩺

MULTIPLE PREGNANCY AFTER IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)In the case shown in the image: four babies developed within a sing...
24/08/2025

MULTIPLE PREGNANCY AFTER IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)

In the case shown in the image: four babies developed within a single placenta but were separated by two amniotic sacs...👇👇😱💓

MEDICAL HUB 🩺

There is nothing small about having your body cut open to bring life into this world. Nothing delicate about lying there...
22/08/2025

There is nothing small about having your body cut open to bring life into this world. Nothing delicate about lying there, wide awake in an operating room, fighting fear, fighting tears, just to hold your baby safely in your arms.

Dear mama who birthed through a Caesare-an, you took the path that saved your child. And You paid in strength you never knew you had, in silence that weighed heavy on your chest, in stitches that tell a story no one else can read.

And that scar on your belly? It’s not just a line. It is a love mark. A battle wound. A birth story written in courage, in blood, in pure, unshakable love.

It is The the page of your baby’s story written in your blood, your bravery, your sacrifice.

It is yours. Raw. Real. Unapologetic.

Love,
From a C-Section mama to another .

Medical Hub 🩺

22/08/2025

Nightingale's daughter with a Nose Ring or Tattoo
🚩🚩

22/08/2025

Routine Antenatal Drugs

1. Folic Acid

2. Fesolate (iron tablets)

3. Vitamin C

4. Vitamin B Complex

5. Calcium Supplements (for some hospitals)

Folic Acid is too important to ignore during pregnancy.

MEDICAL HUB 🩺

22/08/2025

One day they should give healthcare workers a day to answer back to patients 💀💀😶‍🌫️😶‍🌫️ I want to see something..

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