07/09/2021
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND THE ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR.
Research demonstrates that antisocial behavior in adults can be traced from the following risk factors:
Developmental risk factors
Developmental risk factors include social risk factors, psychological risk factors as well as parental/family risk factors.
Social risk factors include poverty, peer rejection and association with ant-social peers, pre-school experiences, after school care and school failure. Poverty typically includes the absence of sufficient income to meet basic necessities of life. Poverty has a strong connection to persistent violent offending as measured by official crime statistics, self-report data on both adult and juvenile offenders. The indigence of defendants processed in criminal courts is well documented.
Many factors other than ones economic situation come into play. In fact, the connection between low socioeconomic class and criminal tendencies does not mean that poverty causes or inevitably leads to serious, chronic offending another social factor associated with crime and delinquency is early school failure (Dedge & Pettit, 2003).
Early school failure seems to be more strongly associated with anti-social behavior than low intelligence (Hinshaw, 1992).The great majority of poor children and adults are law abiding citizens, and children and adults from families of high economic status do engage in serious delinquency and crime.
In a summary, the most prominent social factors that have been identified in the development of criminal behavior include the many disadvantages of living in poverty, peer rejection combined with association with anti-social peers, poor quality child care during the pre-school years and school failure. The more social risk factors a child experiences during his/her early life, the higher the probability a child may fall vulnerable to criminal behavior.
Parental and family risk factors are another developmental risk factor to criminal and delinquent behavior. Among parental and family risk factors are single-parent households which have been blamed for anti-social behavior of children. Research however stresses that process variables are more likely risk factors. For example, an association has been found between certain parental styles and anti-social behavior in children. Some of the parenting styles that have been identified are authoritarian, permissive, authoritative and neglecting or lax (Snyder & Patterson, 1987). Although many parents vary their styles across situations and as children get older, in general, one style dominates.
The permissive and lax parenting styles which are characterized by littles or no control over the children and extremely few restrictions are highly associated with delinquent behavior. On the other hand, parental monitoring or supervision of the childs activities, particularly from the ages of nine to mid-adolescence, is crucial to the development of prosocial behavior. Other parental and family risk factors are parental mental health problems, physical and emotional abuse/neglect, domestic violence and/or substance abuse as well as antisocial siblings.
NB: Let's give our children the best childhood as parents. We can save them.
Source:
PH Namangala, BA. MA. LLB
Forensic Psychologist, Researcher, Advocate.
The University of Zambia.