Lyton med Initiatives.

30/06/2025

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Simple learning

30/06/2025

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30/06/2025

This CT scan belongs to a 73-year-old woman in whom doctors discovered a 30-year-old calcified fetus.

Known medically as a lithopedion, this rare condition occurs when a fetus dies during pregnancy and is not expelled from the body. Instead, the body responds by surrounding the remains with calcium deposits, effectively preserving the fetus in a calcified form. This usually happens when fetal death occurs during the second trimester and the body does not recognize or respond to the loss, allowing the fetus to remain in the abdominal cavity undetected for years.

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30/06/2025

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Self confidence and self love is more more enough..😊

30/06/2025

Easy this way 😜😅

30/06/2025

Researchers estimate that the human brain can store approximately 2.5 petabytes of information — around 2.5 million gigabytes. That’s comparable to storing three million hours of television content, and it surpasses the individual data storage of major platforms like Google or Facebook. This immense capacity stems from the brain’s intricate network of synapses, which transmit and encode information with extraordinary efficiency.

Unlike computers, which store data in fixed locations, the brain relies on neuroplasticity — its ability to reorganize and rewire connections — making memory storage highly dynamic and adaptable. Studies suggest that patterns of synaptic activity can encode information with exceptional density and flexibility. Although much of this capacity operates below conscious awareness, the brain’s raw storage potential may exceed even the scale of the internet.

References:

Bartol, T. M., Bromer, C., Kinney, J. P., Chirillo, M. A., Bourne, J. N., Harris, K. M., & Sejnowski, T. J. (2015). Nanoconnectomic upper bound on the variability of synaptic plasticity. eLife, 4, e10778.

Landauer, T. K. (1986). How much do people remember? Some estimates of the quantity of learned information in long-term memory. Cognitive Science, 10(4), 477–493.

Reber, A. S. (2010). The cognitive unconscious: An evolutionary perspective. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(3), 766–776.

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30/06/2025

Do you know that during dialysis, blood is removed from the body through the red tube, passed through the dialysis machine, and then reintroduced into the body through the blue tube.

This process is repeated for four hours while the patient remains immobile in bed.

The procedure is carried out three times a week, which results in twelve times a month, and each time it takes four hours, which results in a total of forty-eight hours a month.

For those not affected, this process of flushing your kidneys occurs automatically 36 times every day with zero effort or discomfort.

18/06/2025

In Zambia we are playing alot 😭😭🤣

18/06/2025

Wow,, it's been a while. 🤭🤭
We are back again.

We welcome you with the most interesting topic and common orthopedic emergencies called COMPARTMENT SYNDROME 🚨.

DEFINITION:
Compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency characterized by increased pressure within a closed muscle compartment that impairs local circulation and tissue function. If not treated promptly, it can lead to irreversible muscle and nerve damage, ischemia, and even limb loss.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
✅. Let's talk about the normal Anatomy and Physiology
Limbs are divided into compartments by fascial membranes that are relatively inelastic.
Each compartment contains muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.

Normal tissue pressure inside a compartment is 0–10 mmHg and Capillary perfusion pressure is 15–30 mmHg.

TRIGGERING EVENTS

these include;
a) fractures (especially tibial and forearm)

b) Crush injuries

c) Burns

d) Tight casts or dressings

e) Reperfusion injury after ischemia

g) Prolonged limb compression (e.g., unconscious patients, drug overdose)

MECHANISM
Increased pressure within a closed compartment due to: Bleeding,Edema, External compression (e.g., cast) leads to Venous outflow is obstructed, while arterial inflow continues and this worsens swelling. As pressure rises greater than capillary pressure, this leads to Capillary collapse causing reduction in tissue perfusion and consequently causing tissue ischemia. Muscle and nerve ischemia begins within 4–6 hours.

If left untreated:

Irreversible damage to nerves and muscles within 6–8 hours. Tissue necrosis leading to the release of myoglobin which then goes into the systemic circulation causing systemic complications...

CLINICAL FEATURES.
A. Classic “6 Ps”....
a) Pain- Severe pain that is out of proportion to injury, worsened by passive stretch of muscles in the compartment.
b) Paresthesia- Tingling, numbness due to nerve ischemia.
c) Pallor- pale skin though less common in early stages.
d) Paralysis - Weakness or inability to move limb mostly it's a late sign.
e) Pulselessness - Absent distal pulse and it's very late sign due to artery involvement..
f)Poikilothermia- Coolness of the limb is also a late sign..

B. OTHER KEY FEATURES
• Tense, swollen compartment on palpation

• Pain on passive stretch is the most reliable early sign

• Neurological symptoms occur due to compression of peripheral nerves

DIAGNOSIS
A. Clinical Diagnosis
Primarily clinical – Do not wait for confirmatory tests if clinical suspicion is high according to the clinical features above.

B. COMPARTMENT PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Devices includes Wick catheter, slit catheter or Stryker pressure monitor are used.
Diagnostic thresholds:
Diagnostic if the intra compartment pressure is greater than or equal to 30 mmHg or if Change in pressure that is (diastolic BP – compartment pressure) less than or equal to 30 mmHg...

C. OTHER INVESTIGATIONS
• Creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobinurin. These indicate muscle breakdown..

• Urinalysis for dark brown urine which suggests rhabdomyolysis...

MANAGEMENT

A. Emergency Surgical Management
✅ Fasciotomy which is Gold standard

Emergent decompression of all compartments involved by Incisions left open initially to relieve pressure and allow swelling.

B. Supportive Measures
✅ Remove constrictive dressings or casts immediately.
✅ Elevate limb to heart level as this avoids further reduction in perfusion.
✅ Ensure adequate hydration as this helps to prevent acute kidney injury from myoglobinuria.
✅ Monitor urine output by catheterizing the patient.

C. Post-operative Care
✅ Frequent monitoring of wound and perfusion.
✅Debridement of necrotic tissue as necessary.
✅Skin grafting may be required for large fasciotomy wounds.

COMPLICATIONS

A. Local Complications
🚨Muscle necrosis- ischemia from prolonged pressure causes irreversible myocyte death within hours and this may lead to VOLKMANN'S ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE which is fibrotic shortening of the muscles (particularly in forearm flexors).
🚨Permanent nerve damage- nerve ischemia begins within 30 minutes causing chronic pain, weakness, paresthesia,neuropraxia and irreversible axon loss if prolonged..
🚨Infections as necrotic tissue becomes medium for bacteria causing cellulitis, fascitis and sepsis....

B. Systemic Complications
🚨Rhabdomyolysis- necrotic muscle releases myoglobin, Creatine kinase and potassium.. it is myoglobin that damages renal tubules causing acute kidney injury (AKI).. Also increased potassium causes Hyperkalemia from cell lysis and this can cause cardiac arrhythmias...
🚨Metabolic acidosis
🚨Sepsis from infected necrotic tissue
🚨Limb Amputation in extreme or delayed cases.

PROGNOSIS

✅ It is good if diagnosed and treated within 6 hours.

🚧 After 8–12 hours there is a the risk of irreversible damage significantly.

🚨Delays lead to permanent disability or death due to systemic complications.

31/07/2024

💫✨

04/05/2024

👀👀 What do you know about Strabismus??

Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes do not point in the same direction. It can also be referred to as a tropia or squint.

🔍 🔍 Description

Strabismus occurs in 2-5% of all children. About half are born with the condition, which causes one or both eyes to turn:
•inward (esotropia or "crossed eyes")
•outward (exotropia or "wall eyes")
•upward (hypertropia)
•downward (hypotropia)
-Strabismus is equally common in boys and girls. It sometimes runs in families.

🔍🔍 what are the Types of strabismus?

1) Esotropia is the most common type of strabismus in infants. Accommodative esotropia develops in children under age two who cross their eyes when focusing on objects nearby. This usually occurs in children who are moderately to highly farsighted (hyperopic).
2) Exotropia which is another type,this is where the eye 👁 points upward. It may only be noticeable when a child looks at far-away objects, daydreams, or is tired or sick.
3) hypertropia,where the eye 👁 points upward..
4) Hypoptropia where the eye 👁 points downward..
Sometimes the eye turn is always in the same eye; however sometimes the turn alternates from one eye to the other'.
Most children with strabismus have comitant strabismus. No matter where they look, the degree of deviation does not change. In incomitant strabismus, the amount of misalignment depends upon which direction the eyes are pointed.

👀👀 False strabismus (pseudostrabismus)

A child may appear to have a turned eye, however this appearance may actually be due to:
extra skin that covers the inner corner of the eye
a broad, flat nose
eyes set unusually close together or far apart
This condition, false strabismus, usually disappears as the child's face grows. An eye doctor needs to determine whether the eyeturn is true or pseudostrabismus.
With normal vision, both eyes send the brain the same message. This binocular fixation (both eyes looking directly at the same object) is necessary to see three-dimensionally and to aid in depth perception. When an eye is misaligned, the brain receives two different images. Young children learn to ignore distorted messages from a misaligned eye, but adults with strabismus often develop double vision (diplopia).
A baby's eyes should be straight and parallel by three or four months of age. A child who develops strabismus after the age of eight or nine years is said to have adult-onset strabismus.

🔍🔍what are the Causes and symptoms?.😁

Strabismus can be caused by a defect in muscles or the part of the brain that controls eye movement. It is especially common in children who have:
•brain tumors
•cerebral palsy
•Down syndrome
•hydrocephalus
•other disorders that affect the brain
Diseases that cause partial or total blindness can cause strabismus. So can extreme farsightedness, cataracts, eye injury, or having much better vision in one eye than the other.
In adults, strabismus is usually caused by:
•diabetes
•head trauma
•stroke
•brain tumor
•other diseases affecting nerves that control eye muscles
The most obvious symptom of strabismus is an eye that isn't always straight. The deviation can vary from day to day or during the day. People who have strabismus often squint in bright sunlight or tilt their heads to focus their eyes.

🔍🔍 how can you make a Diagnosis?😁

Every baby's eyes should be examined by the age of six months. A baby whose eyes have not straightened by the age of four months should be examined to rule out serious disease.
A pediatrician, family doctor, ophthalmologist, or optometrist licensed to use diagnostic drugs uses drops that dilate the pupils and temporarily paralyze eye-focusing muscles to evaluate visual status and ocular health. Early diagnosis is important. Some eye turns may be a result of a tumor. Untreated strabismus can damage vision in the unused eye and possibly result in lazy eye (amblyopia).

🔍🔍 how can one treat Treat?

Preserving or restoring vision and improving appearance may involve one or more of the following:
•glasses to aid in focusing and straighten the eye(s)
patching to force infants and young children to use and straighten the weaker eye.
•Eye drops or ointments as a substitute for patching or glasses, or to make glasses more effective.
•surgery to tighten, relax, or reposition eye muscles.
•Medication injected into an overactive eye muscle to allow the opposite muscle to straighten the eye
vision training (also called eye exercises)..

All in all that’s enough..😁







Dr lyton 🗣…..

29/04/2024

Something special for today 😅

The lateral pterygoid muscle:

It is the main protrusive and opening muscle of the mandible. It is arranged in parallel-fiber units that allow for greater displacement and velocity compared to that of the multipennate-based closing muscles.

The lateral pterygoid muscle is divided into two parts. The inferior part originates from the outer surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid and the pyramidal process of the palatine bone.
The superior part originates from the greater wing of the sphenoid and the pterygoid ridge. The fibers of the upper and lower heads course posteriorly and laterally, fusing in front of the temporomandibular joint. They insert into the anteromedial aspect of the condylar neck. Some of the fibers insert into the most anterior medial portion of the disc, but most of the lateral pterygoid fibers insert into the condyle. Translation of the condylar head onto the articular eminence is produced by contraction of the lateral pterygoid.






Lyton 🗣