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02/03/2026

Calculate for the Expected Date of Delivery (EDD) given that the last normal menstrual period is:
A. 30.09.25
B. 18.01.26

01/03/2026

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28/02/2026

Ati Chipo ma tuitionsđŸ€”
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DEFECATIONBy Chipo James MaindaWhether a person calls it defecation, passing stool, or pooping, going to t...
28/02/2026

PHYSIOLOGY OF DEFECATION

By Chipo James Mainda

Whether a person calls it defecation, passing stool, or pooping, going to the bathroom is an important function that helps the body rid itself of waste products. The process of eliminating stool from the body requires the work of the defecation reflex.

When you eat, food moves from the mouth to the esophagus to the stomach. The food then passes through the small intestine to the large intestine to the re**um. The re**um is the final portion of the large intestine that connects to the a**s, or the opening where the body releases stool.

The defecation reflex is triggered when;
* The muscles in the colon contract to move stool toward the re**um. This is known as a “mass movement.”
* When enough stool moves to the re**um, the amount of stool causes the tissues in the re**um to stretch or distend. Inside these tissues are special “stretch” receptors designed to signal the brain when they are stretched.
* The defecation reflex triggers the two main sphincters around the a**l ca**l. The first is the internal a**l sphincter, which is a muscle that can’t be controlled voluntarily. The second is the external a**l sphincter, which is skeletal muscle that you have some control over.
* The defecation reflex occurs when the internal a**l sphincter relaxes and the external a**l sphincter contracts.
* After the defecation reflex is triggered, you can either delay or defecate. Delay occurs when a person doesn’t go to the bathroom immediately. There are muscles in the a**l sphincter that cause the stool to move backward slightly. This effect reduces the urge to defecate. If you choose to defecate, your brain activates voluntary and involuntary muscles to move stool forward and out of your body.

There are two main defecation reflexes;
* The myenteric defecation reflex: is responsible for increasing peristalsis and propelling stool toward the re**um. This eventually signals the internal a**l sphincter to relax and reduce sphincter constriction.
* The second type of defecation reflex is the parasympathetic defecation reflex. While the motions of moving stool are similar, a person can voluntarily control the parasympathetic defecation reflex, but they can’t control the myenteric one.

It’s possible that a person can have a myenteric defecation reflex without the parasympathetic reflex. When this occurs, the urge to go to the bathroom may not be as strong as when both reflexes are working.

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CHANCROIDBy Chipo James MaindaChancroid is a bacterial condition that causes open sores on or around the ge****ls. It’s ...
27/02/2026

CHANCROID

By Chipo James Mainda

Chancroid is a bacterial condition that causes open sores on or around the ge****ls. It’s a type of s*xually transmitted infection (STI), which means it’s transmitted through s*xual contact. The bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi causes this condition. It attacks tissue in the ge***al area and produces an open sore that’s sometimes referred to as a chancroid or ulcer.

The ulcer may bleed or produce a contagious fluid that can spread bacteria during oral, a**l, or va**nal in*******se. Chancroid may also spread from skin-to-skin contact with a contagious person.

If you’re s*xually active, you may be at risk for chancroid. If you travel to or live in a country where the condition is more common, you may be more at risk. If you’re a heteros*xual male, your risk for chancroid increases.

Other risk factors for chancroid include:
* S*x with commercial s*x workers
* Drug or alcohol use disorder
* Anything associated with higher risk s*xual practices
* Multiple partners

The symptoms may vary, but typically they begin 4 to 7 days after exposure.

✓ People with a p***s

Men and others with a p***s may notice a small, red bump on their ge****ls that may change to an open sore within a day or so. The ulcer may form on any area of the ge****ls, including the p***s and sc***um. The ulcers are frequently painful.

✓ People with a va**na

Women and others with a va**na may develop four or more red bumps on the l***a, between the l***a and a**s, or on the thighs. The l***a are the folds of skin that cover the female ge****ls.

After the bumps become ulcerated, or open, women may experience a burning or painful sensation during urination or bowel movements.

✓ Additional symptoms and characteristics

Here are symptoms and characteristics to help recognize chancroid. Ulcers due to chancroid can have the following characteristics:
* The ulcers can vary in size and are usually anywhere from 1 to 2 cm across. Some may be larger.
* The ulcers have a soft center that’s gray to yellowish-gray with defined, or sharp, edges.
* The ulcers may bleed easily if touched.

Chancroid may be successfully treated with medication or surgery. There are four antibiotics that are typically used to treat chancroid. They are:
* Azithromycin
* Ceftriaxone
* Ciprofoxacin
* Erythromycin
The doctor may drain a large and painful abscess in the lymph nodes with a needle or through surgery. This reduces swelling and pain as the sore heals but might cause some light scarring at the site.

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TRICHOMONIASISBy Chipo James MaindaTrichomoniasis is a common s*xually transmitted infection caused by a parasite. In wo...
26/02/2026

TRICHOMONIASIS

By Chipo James Mainda

Trichomoniasis is a common s*xually transmitted infection caused by a parasite. In women, trichomoniasis can cause a foul-smelling va**nal discharge, ge***al itching and painful urination. Men who have trichomoniasis typically have no symptoms. Pregnant women who have trichomoniasis might be at higher risk of delivering their babies prematurely.

Trichomoniasis is caused by a one-celled protozoan, a type of tiny parasite called Trichomonas va**nalis. The parasite passes between people during ge***al contact, including va**nal, oral or a**l s*x. The infection can be passed between men and women, women, and sometimes men.

The parasite infects the lower ge***al tract. In women, this includes the outer part of the ge****ls (v***a), va**na, opening of the uterus (cervix) and the urinary opening (urethra). In men, the parasite infects the inside of the p***s (urethra).

The time between exposure to the parasite and infection (incubation period) is unknown. But it's thought to range from 4 to 28 days. Even without symptoms, you or your partner can still spread the infection.

Risk factors for getting trichomoniasis include having:
* Multiple s*xual partners
* A history of other s*xually transmitted infections (STIs)
* A previous episode of trichomoniasis
* S*x without a condom

Most people with trichomoniasis have no signs or symptoms. However, symptoms may develop over time. When signs and symptoms develop, they are different for men and women.

In women, trichomoniasis signs and symptoms include:
* A large amount of a thin, often foul-smelling discharge from the va**na — which might be clear, white, gray, yellow or green
* Ge***al redness, burning and itching
* Pain with urination or s*x
* Discomfort over the lower stomach area

In men, trichomoniasis rarely causes symptoms. When men do have signs and symptoms, however, they might include:
* Itching or irritation inside the p***s
* Burning with urination or after ej*******on
* Discharge from the p***s

Treatment for trichomoniasis is taking an antibiotic — either metronidazole (Flagyl), tinidazole (Tindamax) or secnidazole (Solosec). To prevent being infected again, all s*xual partners should be treated at the same time. You can reduce your risk of infection by using condoms correctly every time you have s*x.

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25/02/2026

Mr. Mainda once said....

PERSONALITY DISORDERSBy Chipo James Mainda CLUSTER BCluster B personality disorders consist of disorders considered dram...
25/02/2026

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

By Chipo James Mainda



CLUSTER B

Cluster B personality disorders consist of disorders considered dramatic emotional and erratic behavior. This cluster consist of;
* Antisocial personality disorder.
* Borderline personality disorder.
* Histrionic personality disorder.
* Narcissistic personality disorder.

✓ Antisocial Personality Disorder

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive disregard for and violation of the law and rights of others. These people have a violent behavior and usually don’t learn from their mistakes nor feel guilty. They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with their own needs than the needs of others.

People with this disorder are prone to criminal behavior, believing that their victims are weak and deserving of being taken advantage of.

They are careless with money and take action without thinking about consequences.

✓ Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (exaggerated self importance), need for admiration and lack of empathy. These people exaggerate their achievement, expecting others to recognize them as being superior and powerful people.

They tend to be choosy about picking friends because not everyone is worthy to be their friends. They are so occupied with fantasies (imaginations) of unlimited success. They believe are special and can only be understood or should associate with other special or high status people.

✓ Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by mood instability and poor self-image (black and white thinking). People with this disorder are prone to constant mood swings and bouts of anger.

They will take their anger out on themselves, causing themselves injury. They have suicidal behavior because they are quick to anger when expectations are not met.

✓ Histrionic Personality Disorder

Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by pervasive attention seeking behavior. These people are attention seekers, they exaggerate friendships and relationships believing that everyone loves them. They need to be the center of attention all the time, often interrupting others in order to dominate the conversation.

They may appear sociable, entertaining and outgoing but self centred. They may dress provocatively (inappropriate s*xual seductiveness) or exaggerate illnesses in order to gain attention. They have a capacity for self deception and may persist on elaborate lies even when others have discovered the truth.

To be continued

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24/02/2026

FiređŸ”„

24/02/2026

Wetata Wajoba, Tafishile...Walala, Fyaisa😕😠

ENDOMETRIOSISBy Chipo James MaindaEndometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows on...
23/02/2026

ENDOMETRIOSIS

By Chipo James Mainda

Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows on other parts of the body. When this tissue grows in the wrong places, it can cause you to experience uncomfortable symptoms that can impact your daily life. Some people with endometriosis also have issues getting pregnant.
The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus. This tissue is what you shed during a menstrual period.

When you have endometriosis, endometrial-like tissue grows on other organs or structures. This tissue is hormonally sensitive and can become inflamed during your menstrual cycle. These areas of endometrial-like tissue can cause ovarian cysts, superficial lesions, deeper nodules, adhesions (tissue that connects your organs and binds them together) and scar tissue within your body.

A few places you can develop endometriosis include the:
* Outside and back of the uterus
* Fallopian tubes
* Ovaries
* Va**na
* Peritoneum (the lining of your abdomen and pelvis)
* * Bladder and ureters
* Intestines
* Re**um
* Diaphragm (a muscle near the bottom of the chest that plays an important role in breathing)

The cause of endometriosis is unknown but there are some factors that can place you at a higher risk of developing endometriosis. These factors can include:
* Family history of endometriosis
* The age you first start having periods. People who begin menstruating before age 11 may be at a higher risk.
* The length of your menstrual cycle (shorter time between periods) and the duration of flow (how many days of bleeding)
* Defects in your uterus or fallopian tubes.

There are many symptoms connected with endometriosis. The main symptom is pain. This pain can be intense or mild. It can typically be felt in the abdomen, pelvic region and lower back. Although endometriosis is a common condition, not all people will experience symptoms.

Sometimes, you can have endometriosis and not know until it’s found during another procedure or investigation of infertility.

People who do experience symptoms of endometriosis may have:
* Very painful menstrual cramps
* Abdominal pain or back pain during your period or in between periods
* Pain during s*x.
* Heavy bleeding during periods or spotting (light bleeding) between periods
* Infertility (difficulty becoming pregnant)
* Painful bowel movements

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Lwenu....iyi ni catatonic schizophrenia
22/02/2026

Lwenu....iyi ni catatonic schizophrenia

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